Physical and Mental Abuse on Slaves Essay

The essay is about the how significant both physical and mental abuse was important for the slave owners described in the Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass. Frederick Douglass who was born in 1895 might have been the most influential African-American of his time or possibly ever. He rose up from the hardships he had from his birth to become a internationally known writer and orator. Douglass was born in Tuckahoe, Maryland and was thought to be fathered by one of his masters. In Maryland he had a rather easy life for a slave, he was an inside slave who cleaned and helped watched one of the masters children. This benefited him greatly both then and in the future because Thomas, the boy he attended too, helped Frederick read and write. From Tuckahoe, Frederick was moved to Baltimore then to Colonel Lloyd’s Plantation. Then from there he moved to St. Michael. Then to Mr. Covey a slave breaker. This was a major turning point in Frederick Douglasses life because for the fi rst time in his life he stood up to a white master in control of him and won the situation. This greatly increased Frederick’s confidence in himself and he want and desire to runaway and become a freed slave. As I read in the story he acomplished this task and he makes a life for himself that every other slave could only dream of. Frederick Douglass was a rare case of slave, in the way that he was not poisoned by the ways masters had control of slaves. In this way there is two types of ways masters dominated slaves. Physically and Mentally, both maybe equally as powerful and influential on the idea of dominance a master used over a slave. So in this essay I will discuss both the idea of Mental and Physical dominance over a slave examples of each and what the purpose of this was to do. To me I feel that one of the most basic parts of dominance over a slave is a masters Physical dominance over them. Obviously beatings and whippings are some of the most general types of physical dominance a master would do to his slave. Whippings in a sense showed a type of superiorism over the slave, especially when they did something that was â€Å"wrong† or sometimes just to show superiority. Although this is the most obvious and most commonly used form of physical dominance, it was not the only one. Another thing a master might do to show dominance over their slaves in the physical form would be to give them very little clothes. This left slaves very cold and made them want to get done with their work better to get in a warmer environment. Another thing that is not emphasized so much in history or very much in this novel is ra pe. A master might rape his female slaves to either pregnant a slave to make their ownership of slaves larger and also to show a general dominance over the slave, letting them know that they could do that and there wasn’t much they could do about it because he was the master. Although these methods were cruel and at times extremely grotesque masters saw this as nessicary to enforce their status as a master over slaves. But this was not the only method used to show their superiority over the slaves. Slave owners also used many forms of mental domination to rule slaves. In my personal opinion I feel this method was much more effective over slaves than that of physical dominance. I feel this was more effective in the sense that slaves didn’t always realize that they were doing this and if a master could break a slave down emotionally and mentally then he owned the slave in a sense and physical forms of dominance were not as nessicary to enforce superiority over the slaves. One way a master might mentally dominate a slave would be to separate them from their families. This was a good idea because it broke up family bonds between slaves and secluded their identity and knowledge of their heredity, which completely destroyed any sense of pride that was in a slave. This also would insure loyalty to a master, since a family was not present in the slaves life, a slave in an ironic way might see their master as a form of family. Another thing the masters would do would be to seclud e them from knowledge. The more a master could keep his slaves ignorant the more sure he could be that the slave would be loyal and not devise an idea to become free or to revolt and cause problems with a master. This also kept out the problem of a master having to worry about a slave becoming more intelligent than that of his or her’s master. One last example of mental dominance over a slave was false consciousness. This method would fool a slave into a system that benefits the master. One example a master might do to enforce false consciousness would be to give them holidays off of work. This would make the slaves believe that a master might really actually care about the slaves and their well being, but intern helped the masters so that the slaves would then feel the urge to be more loyal to him. Both forms of dominance over the slaves regardless were extremely effective in keeping salves in check by their masters. Physical was more of a last resort type of dominance and was good for rebel type slaves and just to show every once in awhile to a slave who ran what. While mental dominance on the other hand was more of a mischievous form of dominance that held a tighter wrath over the slaves an was something that was very hard to defy and rebel against. Either way dominance was a key part in a masters plan to keep a plantation and slaves working to his benefit.

Forensic Psychiatric Units In Uk Health And Social Care Essay

Having established the importance of coloring material in impacting how an interior infinite can do us experience, I am traveling to further research the consequence of coloring material, visible radiation and infinite within psychiatric health care scenes. The aspiration is to supply evidence-informed waies for design solutions to advance improved patient results and greater staff satisfaction. This will be of usage to healthcare decision makers, medical professionals, interior decorators and the general populace. There is no scientific grounds to historical beliefs of coloring material ‘s power to mend, but at that place has been a long-standing captivation with the association. The Assyrians, Babylonians, Egyptians and Persians used coloring material and light therapies as a agency of mending ( Birren 1961 ; Demarco and Clarke 2001 ) . Equally early as 500 BC, Pythagoras is purported to hold used coloring material, music and poesy to bring around disease ( Birren 1961 ) . The Egyptians used coloring material halls within the great temples of Karnack and Thebes, to research their curative impact ( Anderson 1987 ) . Florence Nightingale besides recognised the impact of coloring material and visible radiation on improved wellness results: To any but an old nurse, or an old patient, the grade would be rather impossible to which the nervousnesss of the ill suffer from seeing the same walls, the same ceiling, the same milieus during a long parturiency to one or two suites. The nervous frame truly suffers every bit much from this. The consequence in illness of beautiful objects, of assortment of objects, and particularly of luster of coloring material is barely at all appreciated. I have seen in febrilities, the most acute agony produced from the patient non being able to see out of a window, and the knots in the wood being the lone position. I shall ne'er bury the ecstasy of febrility patients over a clump of bright colored flowers. Peoples say the consequence is merely on the head. It is no such thing. The consequence is on the organic structure excessively. Small as we know about the manner in which we are effected by signifier, by coloring material, and light, we do cognize this, that they have an existent physical co nsequence. Assortment of signifier and luster of coloring material in the objects presented to patients are existent agencies of recovery ( Nightingale 1859 ) . To day of the month, while there have been many surveies on the impact of environment on wellbeing ( Rubin, Owens et Al. 1998 ) , no surveies have focussed on the consequence of coloring material, visible radiation and infinite in isolation in a psychiatric infirmary scene ( Dijkstra, Pieterse et Al. 2006 ) .Mental IllnessBefore the debut of refuges, those enduring from mental unwellness were treated with a ferocious deficiency of feeling, frequently chained at place, or fastened to a interest in a public workhouse or poorhouse. They were often the topic of ridicule, spectacle or public athletics. Early refuges were likened to prisons, with no idea of improved public assistance or therapy. In the early 1800s the term psychopathology was born, together with the construct of psychic medical specialty as scientific discipline. While an mixture of therapies were developed, these were chiefly physical ( Shorter 1997 ) . The refuge seemed a ‘mirror of devastation ‘ . The interi or wards and corridors were â€Å" confined to a fluctuation on two colorss – dark cocoa and buttery viridity. † Walking through the wards, one would see the schizophrenics â€Å" who spend their full twenty-four hours in false statuesque positions aˆÂ ¦.. or swaying rhythmically and indefatigably backwards and forward † ( Rollin 1990 ) .Forensic Mental Health ServicessThe closing of the refuges in the 2nd half of the twentieth Century ( Barham 1992 ; Jones 1993 ) resulted in a switch in accent to community attention of the mentally sick, making spreads in proviso. The demand was for non-acute, medium-secure installations. This gave rise to forensic psychopathology in the 1970 ‘s. Unit of measurements contain earnestly mental ailment patients enduring from schizophrenic disorder, terrible personality upsets, larning disablements, autistic spectrum upsets or other unwellnesss ( Turner and Salter 2008 ) . The forensic mental wellness service provides clinical intervention and rehabilitation for wrongdoers and those at hazard of piquing with mental wellness jobs. Their function is to cut down emphasis to sick persons and its behavioral effects, and minimization of hazard to harm to others through proviso of high and average secure installations ( Department of Health 2007 ) .The Cost and Scope of Mental Health ServicessSurveies have shown every bit many as nine out of every 10 captives has some signifier of mental unwellness ( Singleton, Meltzer et Al. 1998 ) . Fig. 1 indicates a progressive one-year addition of forensic psychiatric patients, lifting from 2,650 in 1996 to about 4,000 in July 2007 ; an addition of 45 % between the period 1996 to 2006. Fig. 2. , shows five old ages and less is normally the length of detainment, but more than a one-fourth stay for over 10 old ages ( Rutherford and Duggan 2007 ) . ll high and average secure beds are funded and provided by the NHS. There are about 800 high and 3,500 medium secure beds geographically dispersed ( Rutherford and Duggan 2007 ) . As seen in figures 3 and 4, there is a wide age scope of patients, the bulk falling between 26 and 64 old ages of age, with a scope of cultural backgrounds. The estimated overall cost of mental unwellness to the UK is more than ?110 billion a twelvemonth ( Friedli and Parsonage 2007 ) . The authorities has challenged the NHS with happening ?15 – 20 billion of efficiencies in the 3 old ages from 2011 ( Policy Unit of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, Mental Health Network et Al. 2009 ) . The economic downswing with its societal jobs is likely to worsen the strain on mental wellness resources ( Policy Unit of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, Mental Health Network et Al. 2009 ) . Figure 5 shows that the largest spend of mental wellness investing is on clinical services, including acute patient attention, the 2nd largest spend was on secure and high dependence proviso. I had hoped to be able to determine the mean cost per patient for drugs per twelvemonth, but have been unable to obtain this degree of item.Behavioural Issues and Relationships within Forensic Psychiatric HospitalsThroughout history there has been a stigma attached to mental unwellness ( Smith and Giggs 1988 ) , an disposition to handle sick persons as different or unsafe ( Philo 1989 ) . Focault describes mental infirmaries as infinites of medical power where patients are subordinated to medical staff and controlled by wider society, through attitude and because their hospitalization is non ever voluntary. The panoptic nature of psychiatric units creates a power relation between staff and patients ( Foucault 1991 ) which can take to resentment, choler, and defeat, high-lighting the importance o f patient staff relationships. Aggressive and riotous behaviors are the main issues for staff and patients in psychiatric infirmaries ( James, Fineberg et Al. 1990 ; Foster, Bowers et Al. 2007 ) . Patients frequently find it hard to exert power in the procedure of their intervention, feel disrespected and socially constrained ( Daffern, Mayer et Al. 2003 ) . The bulk are immature grownup males ( 88 % male, 12 % female ) , with a ratio of one-in-eight female service suppliers ( Rutherford and Duggan 2007 ) . The power relationship between immature grownup males and female staff is likely to be more complex than male to male, because of the patient ‘s feelings of powerlessness. Meehan ‘s survey high spots five major causal subjects for aggressive behavior ; the environment, empty yearss, staff interactions, medicine issues and patient centred factors ( Meehan, McIntosh et Al. 2006 ) . Medicine was considered by patients a agencies of behavioral control or penalty, instead than a path to wellness, and frequently the cause of unpredictable behavior and aggressive effusions ( Meehan, McIntosh et Al. 2006 ) . It is hard to make a curative environment when ill will is on a regular basis at the bow. The staff are frequent marks of force, doing emphasis and strained relationships ( Daffern, Mayer et Al. 2003 ) . Stress, is a major obstruction to healing and impacts occupation satisfaction and staff turnover ( Paroles 1982 ; Ulrich 1990 ) . Topographic point is tied to the look and formation of an person ‘s sense of individuality and their place in society ( Geores and Gesler 1999 ) . Shared infinite in a psychiatric infirmary can act upon the relationship between staff and patients. Halford and Leonard suggest that, â€Å" Not merely do people do infinites, but infinites possibly used to do people † ( Halford and Leonard 2003 ) . Topographic point evolves from infinite, when personal significance is attached to the infinite ( Buttimer and Seamon 1980 ) . Laischenko believes topographic points organise societal infinite and, hence, societal dealingss and power ( Liaschenko 1994 ) . Forensic psychiatric installations are a premier illustration of such infinites. It is, hence, imperative to see how the infirmary environment respects single personality, penchants, civilization and faith and its impact on emotional and perceptual response to color ( as discussed in my old paper ) . Such elements may besides be to boot modified for the patient ‘s by their unwellness, or forced detainment ( Curtis, Gesler et Al. 2007 ) .The Role of Colour and Light in Forensic Psychiatric Hospital DesignTraditionally the accent for health care design was strictly functional ( Ulrich 2001 ) . There has been a more recent displacement in design accent with sentiment traveling toward health care installations which are psychologically supportive ( Rugs 1989 ) . There is some grounds that environmental stimulations within infirmaries can impact patient results ( Rubin, Owens et Al. 1998 ; Ulrich 2001 ; Dijkstra, Pieterse et Al. 2006 ; Dijkstra, Pieterse et Al. 2008 ) . In interviews, 45 % of patients with mental wellness issues said ward conditions had a negative consequence on their wellness ( Baker 2000 ) . The restraints and deficiency of pick unfastened to patients of psychiatric wards, and to some extent the staff, means they are even more vulnerable to the quality and effects of their architectural environment ( Oberascher 2010 ) . Wall coloring material and lighting, as an environmental stimulation, is a inexpensive and efficient manner to modify the ambiance of a infinite. Whilst applied research to back up the effects of environmental coloring material within health care installations is limited, there is much to back up the effects of coloring material on emotions and some physiological responses. As antecedently discussed, forensic psychiatric units are fraught with emotional issues, peculiarly aggression and force. The undermentioned subdivision will research the usage of appropriate coloring materials and visible radiation to modify patient behavior and better wellbeing for both patients and staff. With planned authorities support cuts within mental health care, any agencies of cut downing costs, yet bettering results, would be good. This could take the signifier of decreased necessity for medicine, reduced hooliganism and aggression on the wards, and greater staff satisfaction, therefore cut downing turnover and ill leave. Patients can be prone to hallucinations, which can be motivated by under or over stimulation ; hence, an appropriate balance of stimulation is critical in planing psychiatric installations. When the encephalon lacks stimulation from a humdrum environment, other stimulation is sought, either through aggressive behavior, or by withdrawing into a fantasy universe. Conversely, when over stimulated by excessively much information or deficiency of lucidity, centripetal pandemonium ensues, which the patient can non treat or test. Schizophrenia can make troubles in telling, processing and filtrating centripetal informations. Highly saturated colorss can advance synaesthesia to such an extent that sick persons can savor, experience or hear the coloring material. Hallucinations can besides be trigger by spacial semblances, contemplations, excessively patterned or glistening surfaces, lines or cheques. Therefore it is of import to avoid â€Å" ocular noise † , with clear and unsophistica ted signals sing the patient ‘s environment ( Meerwin and Rodeck 2007 ) . Colour and visible radiation can back up stress decrease by implementing supportive design through usage of visible radiation and coloring material within infinite. The chief triggers for emphasis are loss of freedom or control, often ensuing in violent effusions. This can dwell of loss of freedom of motion and activity and loss of environmental control, in the signifier of degree of stimulation or positive distractions ( Oberascher 2010 ) . Colour is already used within infirmaries to help in manner determination and designation, but can besides lend to designation of topographic point and usage, supplying clear, specific and symbolic points of mention. Clear limit of functional countries through usage of coloring material would cut down confusion and give patients a greater sense of control. For case, a alteration in coloring material of shocking can specify a infinite and its intent, such as unagitated countries for relaxation, versus countries for activity. A combination of warm and cold colors should be used, together with complimentary coloring material niceties. This would convey a degree of rousing from the warm pallet, with chairing composure from the cold pallet ( Meerwin and Rodeck 2007 ) . The facilitation of personal lighting in patients ‘ suites would enable an component of control of their environment. Progresss in LED engineering have resulted in low-cost coloring material altering visible radiation s, which can bathe a room in a coloring material to fit 1s temper, admiting personal pick and penchant. The coloring material of a room can promote or blockade activities. For illustration, a white room may look unfertile and unwelcoming, hence discourage relaxation and societal interaction, while an excessively colored room every bit anti-social because of its overpowering nature. White should be avoided in expansive countries as it creates a sense of intangibleness, lacks comfort and heat, looking space and empty ( Meerwin and Rodeck 2007 ) . It is of import to make infinites which have a sense of dowdiness within psychiatric installations, to advance feelings of security and stableness ( Curtis, Gesler et Al. 2007 ) . The quality of illuming within a infinite can impact its users in many ways. The term â€Å" ocular elation † in a infinite has been associated with positive degrees of satisfaction for residents ( Jay, Loe et Al. 1997 ) . A survey by Veitch, Newsham et Al showed those who felt their office lighting was of high quality, viewed the infinite as more attractive, showed greater wellbeing at the terminal of the twenty-four hours and reported more pleasant temper ( Veitch, Newsham et Al. 2008 ) . Satisfaction with illuming contributes to greater environmental satisfaction, taking to improved productiveness, greater occupation satisfaction, which in bend leads to higher degrees of committedness and decreased staff turnover ( Veitch, Newsham et Al. 2008 ) . Cost nest eggs can be found in utilizing tenancy detectors for less used suites and daylight harvest home to maximize free visible radiation beginnings. Entree to natural daytime is besides of import in associating patients and staff to the outside universe and bettering wellbeing ( Ulrich 2001 ; Oberascher 2010 ) , so directing daytime or supplementing with natural daytime bulbs would be supportive. To make greater ocular involvement, a combination of direct and indirect lighting should be used. A deficiency of difference in aglow denseness can make a dull, humdrum ambiance, with textureless surfaces and a shadowless brightness. Direct illuming would ease efficient undertaking public presentation, while indirect illuming would make a more relaxed atmosphere. Daylight is besides of import in keeping the organic structure ‘s natural circadian beat when in infirmary for drawn-out periods, which is the instance for most psychiatric patients. The alteration in light way and strength gives assortment and involvement within the comparatively inactive environment of a infirmary ward ( Okidaira, Kripke et Al. 1983 ) . In the Mental Unit at St Mary ‘s Hospital, London, roof visible radiations are used to make a sense of freedom, despite the degree of security ( Gesler, Bell et Al. 2004 ) . Jameso, Love et Al, compared the degrees of rousing among patients held in a confined, ill lit, secure psychiatric unit, compared with those in a bright, broad unit. The latter unit, was positively associated with far less degrees of rousing ( Olver, Love et Al. 2009 ) . Coloring material can besides be used to command reflected visible radiation, cut down blaze and do the most of natural daytime. As discussed earlier, brooding glistening surfaces can trip hallucination in psychiatric patients. Similarly window interventions can function to filtrate daytime through different types of blinds or semitransparent cloths. The coloring material and materiality of blinds and cloths used can hold a pronounced consequence through reflected visible radiation and coloring material ; demonstrated by figure? . For case, wooden blinds can return a heater visible radiation into the room. As figure shows, a strongly coloured bedcover or duvet screen can do a important difference through reflected coloring material. Coloring material introduced through cloths and trappingss can besides make a more ‘homely ‘ feel, breeding a greater sense of comfort and security. Consideration should be given to twenty-four hours and dark illuming strategies in relation to color design, as color render can radically alter under different light beginnings. Surveies on the impact of coloring material within office infinite on the public presentation and temper of its resident ‘s high spots human individualism. Individual ability to test out irrelevant stimulation varies harmonizing to 1s province of temper, whether depressed or happy ( Kwallek, Woodson et Al. 1997 ) . In add-on to utmost instances of schizophrenic disorder and hallucinations, patients in psychiatric infirmaries are more likely to be dying or unsure and accordingly less able to test information ( Dijkstra, Pieterse et Al. 2008 ) . Therefore, the consequence of coloring material should be considered in its context. For case, whilst there is grounds to propose that bluish green colorss can make a calming consequence, they can hold a negative effect on temper for patients with depression and less energy ( Gutheil and Daly 1980 ) . This may be utile for privacy suites where the desire is to quiet the patient and dissipate aggression and inordinate energy ( Gutheil and Daly 1980 ) , but non where the purpose is to elate temper. The mix of patients in regard of faith, civilization, sex and age should besides be considered when choosing coloring material, as there is grounds that these elements can besides impact color perceptual experience. Additionally, cubic decimeter can happen no empirical research to determine whether mental unwellness adds yet another distinguishing consideration to responses to color. For case, some mental patients have stated that they have an intolerance of orange and ruddy tones ( Baker 2000 ) . Their intolerance may be independent of their mental unwellness, but this is non clear. With its comprehensive coloring material pallet, nature can further stress recovery through its ability to arouse positive feelings. Research has shown that scenes having nature, in contrast to construct or urban positions, promote faster physiological recovery ( Ulrich 1990 ; Ulrich 2001 ) . Prisoners reported higher degrees of health when cells had Windowss with positions ( Moore 1982 ; West 1985 ) . While it may non ever be possible to supply Windowss with positions within forensic psychiatric infirmaries, the coloring material and signifier of nature can be introduced via art and wall paintings. This would supply ocular stimulation and assortment to both staff and patients in a restricted and confined environment. Backlit screens could be used to expose altering scenes to cut down humdrum. Detention cells, which for grounds of security are frequently windowless, could utilize natural scenes to bring on a sense of composure. A study of staff, visitants and patients at Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, claimed 75 % reported the art aggregation reduced their emphasis degrees, improved their temper and took their head off their immediate jobs ( Gesler, Bell et Al. 2004 ) . Ownership of infinite can besides cut down negative behavior or feelings. A corridor could be perceived as an undesignated infinite within a psychiatric infirmary. Transitional infinites, those between assigned infinites, are where most aggression or negative activity occurs ( Boerger and Shepley 1990 ) . In distinguishing the coloring material coating, or possibly presenting wall art, the infinite becomes public and ownership is taken. Connection could be farther introduced by affecting the patients in painting or planing a mural. Patients could personalize the doors to their sleeping rooms. Staff could be involved in the pick of color strategy to their break-out or staff countries to bring forth a sense of ownership and exclusion or reprieve from patients. Plants could be used to convey coloring material to a infinite and besides surrogate ownership by affecting the patients in their attention. Engagement of staff and patients in pick within their environment physiques consensus. F or patients, personal self-respect is really of import in promoting a positive attitude towards staff, intervention and the day-to-day restraints of their lives ( Department of Health 2007 ) . Negative self-image is closely associated with mental unwellness. The degree of ornament within their infinite reflects a positive respectful attitude towards mental unwellness. Christenfeld et Al found that patients ‘ negative self-image improved in a remodelled ward ( Christenfeld, Wagner et Al. 1989 ) .DecisionMental unwellness in the UK is increasing yearly, bing the authorities one million millions of lbs each twelvemonth. The Government is demanding NHS efficiencies to suit support decreases over the following 3 old ages. I believe there is a existent chance to act upon wellbeing for both patients and staff through the use of coloring material and visible radiation within forensic psychiatric installations. This would be a low cost intercession which could hold a figure of benefits if implemented in an informed mode. It could help in bettering behavior and decrease in the usage of medicine, with attendant cost nest eggs. It could besides help in bettering staff morale and keeping through improved patient wellbeing affecting less intercession. While there is no scientific grounds to back up historical beliefs of the ability of coloring material to mend, there is strong indicant of its ability to consequence temper and some physiological responses. Chemical reaction to color is driven by cognitive and direct physiological response. For this ground, idea should be given to the single features of patients when implementing a coloring material and illuming design strategy, such as age, sex, civilization, etc. Within psychiatric installations there are extra factors to see, such as ability to filtrate ocular ‘noise ‘ , which in many instances is more utmost than in persons without mental unwellness. I believe this is an country which would profit from farther research to supply more elaborate counsel. Colour and illuming design has the ability to carry through a figure of standards in its spacial and atmospheric atmosphere. For illustration, usage of coloring material on walls, bedding and trappingss can make a sense of place, conveying heat, security, trust and stableness, which is critical in supplying a curative environment for psychiatric patients ; frequently missing in their lives outside of infirmary. Clear limits and use of infinite can be created to understate confusion and emphasis through stimulation and distinction of spacial qualities. Used in context, coloring material can promote appropriate temper, behavior and responses. Colour and light can be used to heighten degrees of attending and concentration by direction of warm and cold colors. Contact and interaction with the environment and the outside universe can be enhanced by the use and use of natural daytime. Daylight and unreal visible radiation can be controlled to pull off or heighten degrees of reflected visible radiation to better coloring material render or grades of contemplation from surfaces. Consensus between staff and patients can be achieved through engagement with picks in their milieus ; furthering positive relationships. The staff could be given autonomy to make a relaxed infinite off from patients. The patients could hold the chance to command personal lighting and coloring material. Choice of graphics, wall paintings, personalisation of sleeping room doors, could all function to construct ownership, taking to higher degrees of satisfaction. Authorization can cut down emphasis in patients who feel constrained by their state of affairs and status, better patient self-respect and self-image. Nature ‘s coloring material pallet and iconography can be used to arouse positive feelings. This can be done in a figure of originative ways, through art, digital imagination, wall paintings and colorss used on walls, stuffs and trappingss.Constraints and RecommendationsFor security grounds I have been unable to derive entree to a forensic psychiatric unit, so hold relied on secondary research. Whilst there is an increasing involvement in curative environments within health care installations, there is small research concentrating specifically on the impact of coloring material and visible radiation. I have been unable to happen empirical research on the effects of coloring material and visible radiation within psychiatric installations and experience that much could be gained for both staff and patients from such probe.

Liverpool City Brand and a Case for Rebranding Essay

Liverpool City Brand and a Case for Rebranding - Essay Example The present research has identified that the concept of city branding is fairly new and it corresponds to the development and growth of the tourism industry over the past century. This is because most cities have sought to become more competitive. This is done by packaging and presentation of their position as a tourism destination in a unique way and manner. This section of the report will provide a critical review of the concept of destination branding and brand strategy are the main tools employed by cities and communities to deal with the marketing needs of their destination. This section will examine the concepts and ideas of destination branding and how it occurs in the natural setting. Brands are marks of identification of a given kingdom, country or civilization. Destination branding creates an image and perception of a given place. In other words, it is a tool employed by city authorities and other stakeholders to present the destination to the markets and also get people to become interested in visiting the destination. This builds emotional connection as well as brand equity. â€Å"A destination brand is the totality of perceptions, thoughts, and feelings that customers hold about a place†. This implies that destination branding. This implies that destination branding is a way of creating a mental image and view of a given space or place in order to connect with the average consumer and potential tourist. Destination branding leaves an impression o a consumer and gets the consumer to build some kind of affinity or connection to a given place or destination. â€Å"Destination branding is an organizing principle that involves orchestrating the messages and experiences associated with the place to ensure that they are as distinctive, memorable and rewarding as possible. Successful destination brands reside in the customer’s hearts and minds, clearly differentiate themselves, deliver on a valued promise and supply customer desires.†

Federalists and Republicans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Federalists and Republicans - Essay Example The Constitution of 1787, drafted to replace the original Articles of Confederation, was instrumental in the formation of the Federalist government. Taxes had long been seen as intrusive and oppressive . In the Constitution, Article 8 states, "The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence (sic) and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States" ("Transcript of Constitution of the United States (1787)"). Thomas Paine had written in his landmark book The Rights of Man that, "To say that any people are not fit for freedom, is to make poverty their choice, and to say they had rather be loaded with taxes than not". (qtd in Smith). Paine was noting that taxation was a redistribution of power from the common man to the national government. This Federalist position would assure the strength of the central government over the powe r of the individual states. To further control the states and the people, The Alien and Sedition Act of 1798 impeded the ability to congregate or organize any movement against the power of the Federalist government.

Coccidioidomycosis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Coccidioidomycosis - Research Paper Example In areas regarded as Coccidioidomycosis â€Å"hot spots†, statistics indicate that over 70% of the populations in those areas have suffered from the infection. Coccidioidomycosis is relatively mild or even asymptomatic, but it can turn to be severe when it affects the elderly or immunocompromised. Etiology Coccidioidomycosis is caused by dimorphic, soil-borne, ascomycete fungi Coccidioidesimmitis and C.posadasii, which are soil-borne microorganisms. The two species differ in characteristics such as tolerance to heat and salt, but there is no any significant difference in their pathogenicity. The two species are soil saprophytes that propagate in semiarid regions that have sandy, alkaline soils. In the mold stage, Coccidioides species can survive under extreme environmental conditions such as alkaline, temperatures and high salinity conditions. However, these organisms fail to thrive well in the presence of other soil fungi and bacteria in conditions that do not make up their u sual niche (Clemons, 2007). Growth of Coccidioides species is facilitated by two asexual reproductive structures, which are the arthrospore and endospores. The molds growing in the environment produce the arthrospore that are later dispersed by wind. In favorable environmental conditions, arthrospore germinate into new mycelia. ... Epidemics are highly likely to occur when periods of heavy rains, which promote the growth of mycelia, are succeeded by seasons of drought and winds. Fully developed arthrospore are extremely resistant to harsh environmental conditions and remain viable in the environment for years in the soil and dust (Clemons, 2007). The arthroconidia infects the lungs to become spherules. The spherules increase in size creating a room for endospores to develop. After the spherules attain maturity, they rapture to release the endospores which form new spherules. In some cases, endospores can spread to other body parts through blood and lymph fluid causing systemic infection (Acton, 2011). In extremely rare occasions, Coccidiodomycosis can be spread directly between persons or from animals to human beings. Studies have shown that infections spread from one person to another are systemic in nature, which increases the chances of spreading. In other occasions, Coccidioides species can be transmitted t hrough organ transplant (Clemons, 2007). Epidemiology Coccidioides species are endemic in certain regions of the Western Hemisphere. Nearly all the areas that are endemic lie between latitudes 400 North and 400 South (Friis & Sellers, 2009). The endemic areas have semiarid climates marked with hot summers and alkaline soils suitable for propagation of Coccidioides spores. Studies have found out that Coccidiodomycosis infections are not only affecting people living in the endemic regions, but have found their way to other non-endemic regions. This phenomenon is attributed to the increased travel of populations of people to the endemic regions. Persons from non-endemic regions get Coccidioidomycosis infections, but it becomes difficult to diagnose the condition in those areas since

Samsung Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Samsung - Essay Example The headquarters of the company is situated in Seoul, South Korea and functions in over 100 countries across the globe. The Samsung group of companies is the largest conglomerate in the worldï€ ¬ in terms of revenues and the fact remains that â€Å"exports by Samsung Electronics Co., South Korea's most highly-valued firm, made up for 16.5 percent of the country's overseas shipments 2010† (Samsung Accounts for 16.5 Pct of S. Korean Exports in 2011, 2012). Samsung is renowned as one of the top growing international brands and functions in consumer electronics industry, consumer appliances as well as produces and sells a wide range of products including mobile phones, washing machines, televisionsï€ ¬ laptops etc. It becomes evident from this that the company gives top priority to the consumer electronics section. â€Å"In 2012, the brand value was worth USD 23.43 billion, which was a 20% increase from the previous year† (Global Harmony with People, Society & Environ ment, 2011). It is a fact that since the commencement of the business and up until the 1980sï€ ¬ Samsung was a follower not a leader. Samsung Electronics in Korea has transformed into a high-class business organization by shifting roles from an innovation follower to an innovation leader. In the late 1990s, Samsung opened a devoted â€Å"Value Innovation Program Centre† to recognize the core prospects to compete with its rivals. This is an incorporated five-floor facility? where value improvement is employed as a procedure and applied in numerous lines of products. 2.2 Internationalization Process Even though the organizational strategy of Samsung for the 90s revolves around consolidation, the strategy for its corporeal manufacturing facilities entails increasing progress offshore. The earliest abroad production efforts of Samsung were a Portuguese joint project operation set up in 1982, a United State subsidiary established in the year 1984 and also another established Mexican subsidia ry in 1988. They had proficiency in the production of color TV sets and several core constituents. In the late 1988? it also possessed twelve subsidiaries for sales outside Korea. 2.2.1 Samsung in UK In UK, Samsung intended to expand its smart phone delivery by trebling its product line, since it drops behind by its competitors like Apple and Nokia. â€Å"Although Nokia is market leader, but in case of smart phone Samsung emerged as leader† (Kaushik, 2012). Samsung holds only 3 per cent market share, against Nokia (35%) and Apple (17%).   UK Legislation like high levying for energy bill too encourages substitutes into the electronic industry which is a growing threat for the sector. â€Å"During London 2012, Samsung will also showcase its cutting-edge mobile technology at the Olympic Park and across major sites in the city to enrich the Olympic Games experience for spectators† (IOC marketing: Media Guide, 2012). 2.2.2 Samsung in Foreign Countries Subsequent to the

RFID in Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

RFID in Business - Research Paper Example This research paper seeks to investigate and explore RFID and its application in business field. The first section of the essay seeks to illustrate and describe RFID. This will be helpful in presenting constructive and significant insight for the reader regarding the introduction and background of RFID. Other sections of the essay offer comprehensive review and analysis concerning the advantages of RFID technology in business field. The usage of RFID is traced back in the early twentieth century when Leon Theremin invented an espionage tool for the Soviet Union. This device was a passive secret listening device and is considered to be the forerunner of RFID technology (Landt, 8). The roots of radio frequency identification technology can be tracked back to World War II where the usage of radar was common in order to warn of forthcoming planes. An IFF transponder was developed in Britain which also utilized RFID technology in order to identify unidentified aircrafts. Advancements in radar and RD communication systems persisted throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Mario W. Cardullo claims to be the first person who had received a patent for RFID tag with rewritable memory in 1973. In the same year, Charles Walton obtained a patent for a passive transponder which was used to open a door without using a key (Landt, 9). Los Alamos National Laboratory had also worked on RFID systems in the 1970s. A group of scientists has developed RFID transponder embedded in a truck which was used to identify the driver. This system gained popularity in the 1980s and was installed in entire transportation network. Los Alamos also introduced the passive RFID tags to track cows. IBM engineers had developed RFID system in 1990s and had sold its patents to Intermec which has applied it in several different applications ranging from warehouse tracking to farming. The concept of low cost RFID tags on all products was experimented in late

The Foreign Policy In The USSR During And After The Cold War Essay

The Foreign Policy In The USSR During And After The Cold War - Essay Example As the animosity between the Communist Soviet Union and the Capitalist United States spread to various countries all over the world, the eventual result was that both Asia and Europe were divided with almost all countries on the two continents being granted the option of willingly pledging their alliance with either of the two powers or being forced into accepting an alliance. Hitler’s suicide and the subsequent end of the World War II was seen to be a crucial catalyst in the ushering in of a new era marked by widespread decolonization as well as the liberation of most of the countries that had previously been enslaved (McCannon, 2010). These newly liberalized countries were seen to be battling with numerous challenges including widespread territorial divisions as well as the problem of having bankrupt economies, this situation inadvertently leads to the countries experiencing a large-scale exodus of refugees. The Capitalistic and Communist Nations were quick to utilize this o pportunity and started to attempt to influence these newly liberated countries by offering them financial aid (Bulliet, 2009).  This move by the two opposing powers was seen to further fuel their ongoing rivalry. The Cold War was seen to be mainly characterized by numerous numbers of both international and domestic military coalitions, espionage developments, wide spread armament race, rampant political propaganda as well as particularly destructive technological developments.   Gradually, this Cold War saw the development of nuclear arms as well as a space race between the warring countries of the USSR and United States. It happened to be quite ironic that the newly liberated countries were being forced to essentially become part of a world that happened to now be polarized into two factions that forced these countries to essentially align themselves and support either one of the two superpower blocs. However, not all countries opted to join the two super power blocks with coun tries such as India and Yugoslavia opting to rally and form a

Gender differences in the African American community Research Paper

Gender differences in the African American community - Research Paper Example However despite all the efforts and achievement by the women, they still face some challenges when it comes to employment. Even though some parts of the world and community are still fighting gender equality, the African American communities have made some great achievements. It is true that the community has made some great achievements. However, the government should be involved in addressing the challenge the Africa-American women face when it comes to employment. Gender inequality is one of the issues affecting the whole world of today (Benerà ­a, 2003). Although the determination of the world in solving the problem of gender equality. For complete eradication of gender equality, much is yet to be done. Gender equality is a lack of the provision of equal opportunity for both the feminine and the masculine. Gender equality is where both the groups are not given equal opportunity in terms of education and work. The mainly affected group on the issue of gender equality is the female sex (Collins, 2004). Female are the group that started to face unequal opportunity just from the time they were young. The boy child is given privileges to various opportunities as the girl child never got the same opportunities. Gender equality was mainly due to communities believed on the responsibility of women in the society. Women were mainly perceived to be responsible for taking care of the family and the children. Their responsibilities were mainly to feed the children, clean the house, and cook the food for the family, and the most important one is to be submissive to their husbands (Cook, n.d.). However, gender equality has drastically changed over the years. The number of women going to school has an increase in a point that it is almost equal to that of the boys attending school and in some region in the world the number has outdone the male. The major problem that the women of today face is majorly at the workplace. Considering the families of the

Buss low Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Buss low - Essay Example The case involved Apple and Samsung in argument of products manufactory. The jury found Samsung guilty by willfully infringing Apple patents. Apple requested to triple the compensation, but the lawyers defended the claim. Apple requested the court to prevent Samsung to ship products infringing Apple’s patents. The court decision favored Apple. Samsung penalty served as a deterrent effect to worn other companies trying to manufacture products similar to their competitor. The court ruling that Samsung should compensate Apple for damages was right, since Samsung had made profit from Apples products (Wingfield, p. 4). Apple did not make the products for their competitors to flagrantly copy but for delighting their customers. I strongly agree with the courts decision. Each company should use skills but not to copy other company’s product. The ruling served as a warning to Samsung and other companies trying to copy their competitor’s products. Nick Wingfield. Jury Awards $ 1 Billion to Apple in Samsung Patent Case. Viewed on August 24, 2012 from

Wal-Mart SWOT Analysis Essay Example for Free

Wal-Mart SWOT Analysis Essay Wal-Mart has an abundance of strengths which is obvious due to its incredible success. Wal-Mart is the largest employer in the United States and the company is one of the few places left for people to get a decent job without a college education. Wal-Mart also has the second largest net sales in the world. This incredible number of sales is due significantly to Wal-Marts aggressive growth strategy. In 2003 alone they added 425 new stores all over the world. An increase in customer demand for SuperCenters encouraged the company to add 4,000 more. Overall they added 48 million square feet of retail space (Wal-Mart Company Profile 6). They can also attribute their large amount of sales to the fact that they have stores all over the world. Their truly global presence is apparent in their operation of around 1,350 Wal-Mart Discount Stores, 1,700 SuperCenters, 85 Neighborhood Markets and 550 Sams Clubs in the United States, with numbers continuing to grow†¦and about 1,300 locations in Canada, Mexico, the UK, Germany, Asia and South America (Wal-Mart Company Profile 5). One of Wal-Marts competitive advantages is their remarkable logistics system. They are able to ship merchandise from any of their numerous distribution centers in order to provide the cheapest and most efficient route. They even have their own distribution center for their online orders. The invention of sharing sales data with suppliers through computer programs has allowed Wal-Mart to consistently keep their shelves stocked with popular items. Technology in general is an unbelievable strength that Wal-Mart is able to invest in to improve their company. Having a website has allowed for increased sales all over the world. This not only provides convenience for customers, but with a logistics system like the one Wal-Mart has in place, online orders have become a breeze to fill. Even though Wal-Mart has been criticized for their low wages, they are actually doing a lot of good for lower income people. They can save a family about $1,000 a year with their low prices (Wal-Mart Storm 3). Wal-Mart can beat out many competitors with their aggressive pricing strategy. They have the ability to cut prices on some products, such as toys, by thirty percent in order to stimulate more sales. Wal-Mart has even been able to lure in higher-income customers when they open store in more urban areas. Since  Wal-Mart has become the nations largest food retailer, people from all income levels are shopping there for their necessity items. They have even been working on a more upscale appearance of their stores to attract these customers. The service that Wal-Mart offers to its customers is a great advantage as well. They have a strong image that it is a friendly and helpful place to shop where people are always willing to make your experience a good one. The added incentives are the constant price rollback, as well as the store-within-a-store. A great deal of Wal-Marts success can be attributed to the fact that the company was based on identifying, knowing, and understanding what exactly customers want from a retailer. A few final strengths are linked to the public criticisms that Wal-Mart has been facing. They are paying particular close attention to environmental issues and have vowed to increase use of renewable energy, reduce waste and carry environmentally sensitive products†¦Wal-Mart will soon be selling baby clothes made using organically grown cotton and has plans to improve its truck fleet efficiency by twenty-five percent in the next three years (Two Public Relations 3). Wal-Mart has also recently been pushing for a higher minimum wage, a step that is surprising to many other retailers in the industry. Weaknesses In the eyes of some of the general public, Wal-Mart has weaknesses that affect not only their image, but the lives of other people. Some view Wal-Mart as a retailing giant that has taken over the retail industry. Because of Wal-Marts low prices and well-known name, they have been able to capture the sales of an unbelievable number of consumers, and have therefore made it extremely difficult for small retailers to survive. Ethical shoppers, those who are concerned with the well-being of small retailers, are angry at the monopolizing power Wal-Mart has been able to gain in the past few decades. Most small shops have been forced to close due to lack of sales. Some people refuse to shop at Wal-Mart because of these issues. This poor image that Wal-Mart has in some peoples eyes has taken a toll on its stock price as well. Many environmentalists are concerned with the large scale buildings that are  not sensitive to the environment. These buildings also cause a problem of traffic pollution and congestion which can damage small communities. The employees of Wal-Mart can suffer a great deal as well. Many receive only poverty-level wages and horrible health care benefits. Problems with these healthcare benefits lead to employees applying for public aid, which in turn means that taxpayers are the ones paying for Wal-Mart employees healthcare costs (Wal-Mart Storm 2). Wal-Mart has been accused of discriminating against female employees and violating child labor laws. Because of these criticisms, employee morale has been decreased as well. Wal-Mart sometimes has a disadvantage in the location of their stores. Although Wal-Mart has grown and expanded a great deal into the international market, they still do not have a large part of the European market. They are only present in the UK and their competitors are gaining in the other surrounding countries. Wal-Mart also needs to consider the consequences of placing their stores too close together. Instead of increasing the volume of products per store, they open another one. Wal-Mart has already been facing a problem with a decrease in Saturday store sales. A lack of products, as well as a decrease in the quality of them, may be attributed to this loss of sales. They have also been said to have poor presentation and marketing of products on the floor. Price deflation is a serious dilemma that Wal-Mart and many discount stores are facing as well. They often buy too much of one product and then have to put it on sale or clearance in order to turnover the merchandise. Instead of increasing sales with low priced items, Wal-Mart is actually lowering their profits. Consumers will only buy so much of a particular product, even if it is priced low. Wal-Mart has a tendency to overstock and therefore reduce gross margins when they sell products for reduced prices. Also, after seeing disappointing numbers, Wal-Mart has repeatedly said that their company would have increased earnings in the following quarter. Unfortunately, they have not been able to keep this promise. Wal-Mart has a weakness in that they promise unrealistic earnings, and then do not meet their expectations. This causes their stock to constantly waiver. Even as  the economy is rising, Wal-Marts stock is not necessarily seeing an increase. Finally, Wal-Mart can have problems with their flexibility. Since Wal-Mart sells products across many sectors, such as clothing, food, or stationary, it may not have the flexibility of some of its more focused competitors (SWOT Analysis 1). These competitors have the ability to make changes and improve on a certain product lines when the needs of their customers change. Wal-Mart, however, may have too much merchandise and not be able to focus in on sectors that need to be improved. They also might not have the available information, resources and know-how to make any changes. Opportunities Since Wal-Mart is the largest retailer in the United States, it has a very good opportunity to become the largest retailer in the world. They do not always carry a diverse selection of products, so they could expand stores and merchandise to attract more customers. An area that could especially be increased is their musical products. Wal-Mart does not carry a large quantity or mixture of musical products such as instruments, and these can be high profit items. Their image could be improved if they focused on having certain products, such as CDs and DVDs available on their release dates. Along the same lines, Wal-Mart could diversify their store types. They have been successful with implementing Neighborhood Markets, and have even tried a mall store recently. By focusing on a specific target market in a specific area, Wal-Mart could be the number one retailer for everyone. They already have the available resources to try new store types in new segments. It is also a logical step to increase and expand their current SuperCenters, which are expected to increase sales dramatically in the future. The reason it is expected to drive growth so affectively is SuperCenters are considered extremely high growth stores, more productive than supermarkets and expecting to produce $500 in sales per square foot (Wal-Mart Company Profile 8). Wal-Mart has yet to penetrate to many East and West Coast food markets that occupy the top 50 (food retailing markets) (New Competitors 1). Another great opportunity is to improve on the areas which they have been criticized. Wal-Mart has already announced a new health care plan which would increase benefits to employees. They are very concerned with child labor laws, so they have said that they will pay especially close attention to their overseas suppliers and their labor practices. Also, Wal-Mart has the opportunity to work on improving the environment. They have such a large image that any programs they support have the ability to produce tremendous results. By working on solutions to these concerns they can help improve their image and increase their market share. Wal-Mart is such a major player in the retail industry that its decisions can have an effect on the global economy, the environment and society. They have the ability to slightly decrease the price of inflation because of their low prices. Also, due to their low prices, there is an increase in wages in developing countries. For the United States, wages may be low, but in other places where manufacturing goods is cheaper, wages can actually be considered high. By offering jobs and increasing the wealth in other countries, it is possible for a substantial middle class to exist there and also increase Wal-Mart sales by having stores in those areas (Wal-Mart Storm 4. Continued international expansion is a huge strategic opportunity for Wal-Mart. There is actually more opportunity for growth in developing countries and Asian markets than there is in the United States (Variety Stores 8). Creating alliances and licensing agreements are ways to move into these market segments. Other growth opportunities include the Internet and improved supply chain management through radio-frequency identification (RFID). Threats In order to keep prices low, Wal-Mart has had to cut costs in other areas. This includes squeezing suppliers to offering their products at much lower prices. This has driven competitors to do the same, which is causing profits to plunge downward drastically. A threat to Wal-Marts image is the fact that for the few years after they open up a new store, the wages of  that county fall by three to five percent. Another threat is the rapidly growing chain of Dollar General discount stores. These stores are able to open in smaller areas where there are not enough customers to support Wal-Mart. The deep discount that is offered at Dollar stores competes greatly with Wal-Mart. The economy has a slight effect on Wal-Marts customers. They have an advantage because the do offer cheap products that appeal to people in the time of a recession. However, most of Wal-Marts customers do not directly experience most of the governments attempts to stimulate the economy. Wal-Mart must work very hard to compete in times of uncertainty. Another threat that Wal-Mart faces is brand-name recognition. Although they carry and have increased their assortment of name brand products, most consumers searching for name brand products will not look at Wal-Mart to find them. Wal-Mart lacks a direct sales force to increase sales, whereas smaller retailers are focusing more and more on this aspect therefore increasing their competition. A major threat to Wal-Mart is the areas that they are expanding into may not be easily attainable. It will be difficult for them to gain a good part of the market share of hard-line products such as home improvements. These areas have greater competition and Wal-Mart does not have a clear cost advantage. International expansion may also create slow or rough short-term growth. The international market is predicted to have excellent long-term growth success, but these earnings may not be seen in the near future. Also, Wal-Mart has huge expansion plans that are very public. If these stores do not open on time, or are subject to delays and build issues, then analysts predictions will not be met and share price may suffer (Wal-Mart Company Profile 9). On the contrary, if Wal-Mart successfully meets all of its deadlines, investors may still be hesitant to invest in their company. In the past, when retailers meet their expectations, and the economy is doing well, they tend to under perform. Also, two of Wal-Marts main product lines, apparel and food, are very slow growth sectors, and Wal-Marts dominating position in the industry may make investors believe there is little room for the company to grow. Wal-Marts image has been seriously threatened by the numerous accusations of being bad for the country (Two Public Relations 1). The documentary movies that are being produced could seriously hurt the companys sales, especially since they are being premiered right as the holiday shopping season is starting. The shopping experience some customers have at their store is also a threat to Wal-Mart. Customers are often complaining about the long checkout lines and the insufficient quality of the products that are offered. Once this idea is spread throughout a community, it is difficult to change the publics opinion. Also, RFID could possibly be a threat to Wal-Mart by ruining relationships with suppliers. This system promises to do a great deal for supply-chain management. However, there is always the possibility that technology promises more than it can actually offer. Some manufacturers of low-cost consumer products may not see the advantages of implementing such a system and not want to comply with Wal-Marts mandate for the new system. Recommendations Wal-Mart has been extremely successful in the past, and has a very promising future ahead of them. Unfortunately, there is always a negative side to success. For Wal-Mart, they are faced with opposition from people who are concerned with the little guy. The fact that Wal-Mart has the ability and resources to be such a major competitor in the retail industry scares some people. Small stores in small communities, as well as employees, target Wal-Mart because they know it is a large company with the resources to defend itself. In order to improve its image in the eyes of these people, Wal-Mart may want to address these issues head on. Wal-Mart has already taken giant strides to be seen as a more environmentally friendly organization, as well as to increase the benefits of its employees. They should continue this approach, possibly even more publicly than other retailers in the industry. Wal-Mart could even start a campaign to help the little guy. Since they have such a global impact, any issue they raise will undeniably get a great deal of attention. In a campaign of this sort, Wal-Mart could focus on promoting the  other small specialty stores in their community. They could help advertise for local shops that do not sell competing products, but complimentary ones. Instead of taking sales away from themselves, Wal-Mart could change their image to one of a company that cares about the community. Along with this, Wal-Mart should focus on their employees. Publicly giving employee benefits or rewards will increase morale as well as their image. Once Wal-Mart has invested in their image in their home country, they should also focus on increasing their market share in the international markets that they are not already involved in. Some other countries hold the greatest growth potential and these areas should be seriously considered by Wal-Mart. References Cramer, James J. Wal-Mart, Fess Up to Weakness Within. Wake-Up Wal-Mart.com,17 August 2005. 18 November 2005. Retrieved from . Kalra, Ritu. Wal-Mart Storm Swirling. The Hartford Courant. 2 November 2005. 3 November 2005. Retrieved from . Lindeman, Teresa F. Two Public Relations Campaigns pit Wal-Mart Against Critics. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 1 November 2005. 3 November 2005. Retrieved from . McClenahen, John S. Wal-Marts Big Gamble. www.industryweek.com. April 2005. 3 November 2005. Retrieved from New Competitors Move on Supers. MMR. 22(10) p.162. 10 June 2005. 3 November 2005. Retrieved from . SWOT Analysis Wal-Mart. Marketing Teacher. 18 November 2005. Retrieved from . The Story of Wal-Mart. The Cultural Marketplace The NUR Network. 3 November 2005. Retrieved from . Variety Stores. Encyclopedia of American Industries Online Edition. Gale, 2004. 3 November 2005. Retrieved from . Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Company Profile. www.Datamonitor.com. April 2005. 3 November 2005. Retrieved from .

The positives and negatives of Formal and Informal Assessments

The positives and negatives of Formal and Informal Assessments Formal and informal assessments are two specific procedures that teachers use to evaluate and grade their students. Both formal and informal formative assessments involve gathering, interpreting, and acting on information (Ruiz-Primo Furtak,2004, p. 4). Formal assessments are standardized exams used by a state to reflect on particular grade level to measure a students academic abilities. These exams are administered in the same way every time with a time restriction and instructions to how the exam should be graded. In contrast, informal assessments are exams or activities designed to specially review or test students knowledge on a certain academic subject taught by their teacher. I will be discussing the advantage and disadvantage for two different forms of formal assessment and four types of informal assessments methods. The two formal assessments are norm-referenced and criterion-referenced. Norm-referenced are standardized tests and are linked to inter individual differences (Gargiulo, 2008, p.65). This test compares the students skill to other students in the similar age group. Statistical method is used to determine how the student did. For example first grade students were tested and the outcome is used in a statistical method. You would be able to see how each student ranked. For example, Jon scored at the 50th percentile among his class. There are advantages and disadvantages in using norm referenced testing. One advantage to this method is it can determine whether a student may need special services. For example, if the student scores less than standard norm for reading, they will receive special services to aid them in this subject. Another advantage to this method is it allows parents to see how their childs academic results are compared to their peers. For example, Julie performs at 86 percentile in her class. This means that Julie performed better than 86% from her classmates. As there are advantages, there are disadvantages. One disadvantage to this method is it consists of broad academic information and may not consist of current classroom content. Another disadvantage is it does not fully capture a students academic abilities on problem solving, decision making, social skills, nor their ability elaborate on certain topic. In contrast, Criterion-referenced tests are associated with intra individual differences and can provide data that is useful for instructional planning (Gargiulo, 2008, p.66). For example, a math problem is given to a student to see if the student is able to add two digit numbers. The outcome is strictly based on whether the student did or did not answer the problem correctly. The first advantage to this test is it can compare a students individual performance from their previous one. For example, Aprils current test indicated her reading skills have improved from last quarter. Aprils results are not compared to how well she did among her classmates instead it compares to her individual progress. Another advantage to this test it can assist a teacher to figure out each students academic strengths and weakness. A teacher can guide and assign additional help in the areas where students need improvement. The downfall to this method is it cannot compare student academic performance to ot her schools or districts. For example, a teacher will not be able to compare her students success to other classes nor to other schools. Another disadvantage is creating a valid exam for students. Designing an exam needs to meet specific standards plus its time consuming for teachers to work around their daily responsibilities. The following are the four types of informal assessments that can be used in a classroom which are an essay exam, a classroom game, walk around method, and a multiple choice exam. The first informal assessment is an essay exam. Essay exams are questions based on a certain lesson or topic where a student needs to provide a written answer. Depending on the exam instructions students may only need to write a couple of paragraphs or several pages in length. The following are two advantages in using an essay exam to test students. First, students have the opportunity to express their thoughts and demonstrate their level of comprehension on a certain question. The second advantage, students begin to construct and analyze how to answer each question. For example, the instruction on the essay says to please explain the difference between a mammal and an amphibian. The student first needs to analyze the differences between the two species and then construct examples to elaborate on the question. An issue does represent itself; this type of method is time consuming for both the student and teacher. The students need plenty of time to answer and write an essay and the te acher needs time to evaluate and grade each paper. The second disadvantage, teachers must be aware of their biases when writing a question where students need to agree or disagree on a certain topic. This disadvantage may get in the way of grading papers accurately. A teacher needs to be aware of their bias and base their grading on the students response not if they agree or disagree with their student. Another informal way to evaluate a students progress is a classroom game. A Classroom game creates an opportunity for students to apply their knowledge and encourages them to learn. For example, the class is divided into four groups to play a game of Jeopardy. The game of Jeopardy consists of questions on a certain academic subject. An advantage to this method is it promotes cooperative learning. Students are learning how to interact, collaborate, and work together with their peers to answer questions. Working together provides positive reinforcements for students to develop social skills and trust among their team members. Another advantage it motivates students to apply their own knowledge and retain new information as they play the game. A game will keep students alert and encourages participation which will lead to learning. Since students are divided into groups not every student is participating or collaborating on every question and this is downfall to this method. Even though each student has an opportunity to answer a question, the group is judged as a whole not the individual knowledge to every question but the ones they answer. Another disadvantage to this method does not provide enough feedback to a teacher to determine which students needs additional assistance in comprehending the current subject. The third informal assessment is the walk-around. This assessment requires the teacher to interact with each student as they work together as a group or individually. The teacher is actively observing and assisting students to stay on task. The advantage to this method it allows the teacher to interact with students individually or as a group to answer any concerns or assist them in understanding their assignment. The second advantage is the one on one conference. The teacher uses the one on one conference to talk to the students for five or ten minutes. This conference offers attention, and additional help in instructions for students(Cole,1999,p.4). This type of interaction builds trust and improves the communication between teacher and student. A downside to walk around assessment is giving each student or groups the same amount of time to answer questions or concerns. Since every student or groups have different questions, some may need additional assistance than others. This may cause some behavior issues or delay some students in completing their assignment. Another issue is making sure every student understands the material or contributing their work to their group. The teacher needs to give every student an opportunity to talk and demonstrate they understand the assignment. Lastly, the multiple-choice test is another assessment used in a classroom. Multiple choice tests consist of questions and a list of possible answers for each question. An upside to this method students begin to access their knowledge and apply it to every question by eliminating misleading choices. This method is also an advantage for teachers as well. The grading is less time consuming than other methods and easier to narrow down where the students are having difficulties. A disadvantage for students is it may cause them some confusion or frustration when the exams are poorly written. Poor written exams consist of tricky options to choose from, for instance having two possible answers. The second disadvantage for students is not being able to understand a question. This may lead the students to guess on answers they are not able to comprehend due to reading difficulties or a poor written exam. This may lead to inappropriate score on the students progress or knowledge. In conclusion, both formal and informal assessments consist of advantages and disadvantages that a teacher should consider and understand before administrating these assessments. Assessments are necessary to pinpoint students academic strengths and weaknesses. This allows a teacher to provide additional assistance to students that are struggling. Without assessments teachers will not be able to properly evaluate and assist students.

Overview Of Tourism In Malaysia Tourism Essay

Overview Of Tourism In Malaysia Tourism Essay This chapter is designed to provide an overview to tourism in Malacca and the background of Jonker Street. It is divided into few sections to explain about culture as a factor for travel among tourists, tourism situation in Malacca, background of Jonker Street, problem statement, research objectives, significance of study, limitations of study, definition of terms, methodology as well as research organization. Overview of tourism in Malaysia Tourism sector in Malaysia is the second largest economic contributor to the countrys Gross Domestic Product after oil and gas production. Authorities has been giving attention to this sector as it helps in generating employment opportunities, increasing economic revenue as well as creating the opportunity for development. Malaysia is a country that boasts with its natural environment such as sandy beaches, tropical islands, national parks and mountains, which one of it is known as Southeast Asias highest mountain Mount Kinabalu that is situated in the state of Sabah. Furthermore, Malaysia is home to a mixture of unique identities, featuring multi-racial and multi-ethnic communities; hence, Malaysia has become a country rich in culture, arts and traditions. Over the years, this industry in Malaysia has its ups and downs in tourist arrivals and receipts (refer to table 1), due to economic downturn and natural disasters. The most significant decline in number of tourists was experienced in year 2003 when an outbreak of disease Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome [SARS] hit the world environment. However, despite facing the world economic recession in year 2008 and H1N1 flu disease in 2009, tourist arrivals to Malaysia continued to grow by 57.32% which is from 15.7 million tourists in year 2004 to 24.7 million tourists in year 2011. Table 1: Tourist Arrivals to Malaysia from 2002 to 2011 Year Tourist Arrival (million) Tourism Receipts (RM billion) 2002 13.2 25.8 2003 10.5 21.3 2004 15.7 29.7 2005 16.4 32.0 2006 17.4 36.3 2007 20.9 46.1 2008 22.0 49.6 2009 23.6 53.4 2010 24.6 56.5 2011 24.7 58.3 Source: Tourism Malaysia (2012) Cultural Tourism in Malaysia In todays world of travel, the process of learning and experiencing different cultures has been cited as a common and growing factor for travel among tourists (Lynch, Duinker, Sheehan, Chute, 2011). This factor was not a favourite among tourists when a poll was conducted in the 1980s at the country of United States by Lou Harris, however, in the 1990s, citing visiting cultural, historical and archaeological treasures was important to most of the surveys respondents (Lord, 1999). This occurrence indicates that cultural tourism has long been in demand from the tourists perspective. According to Richards (2007), cultural tourism has the potential to be a new form of alternative tourism among local and international tourists. Therefore, cultural tourism is now a widespread tourism phenomenon. Cultural tourists seek authenticity in their travel (MacCannell, 1973), hence, it is important for a destination to preserve its own unique identity. Malaysia is a country rich of natural beauty and cultural diversity. As more tourists are into the notion of traveling for the purpose of learning other cultures, Malaysias promotional board, Tourism Malaysia, has created the slogan Malaysia, Truly Asia as an effort to attract tourists. Besides, Malacca has also created the slogan Visit Historic Melaka Means Visit Malaysia (Hamzah, 2004). Cultural tourism has become a factor that has lured tourist arrivals to Malaysia and had turned out to be a potential form of alternative tourism for both international and domestic tourists (Mohamed, 2005). Two out of thirteen states in Malaysia are popular destination for cultural tourism, which are Malacca and Penang that has gained listings into UNESCO Heritage List on 8th July 2008. Malacca and Penang both share similarities regards to elements of heritage in the state. For example, both cities depend on historical colonial buildings of the city as main physical attraction for promoting tourism (Ismail, Baum, Kokranikkal, n.d.). Besides, these two cities are located along the Straits of Melaka and were important trading port in the past, had illustrated the multi-culturalism it possesses in the city. (explain the stats) 1.3 Overview of tourism in Malacca For this cultural tourism study, the city of Malacca has been chosen as the studys destination due to the fact that is has been the focal point of Malaysias history. On 15th April 1989, Malacca was then declared as a Historical City to promote its image as a historic tourism destination in Malaysia and was seen as an effort to zone land for tourism and urban conservation (Ismail et al., n.d.). Malacca together with Georgetown Penang has gained listings into UNESCOs (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) World Heritage List in its Culture Category as Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca in year 2008 due to its historical and cultural factors. Among the criteria that has made Malacca into the list are representing the multicultural trading town in East and Southeast Asia; tangible and intangible multi-cultural living heritage whereby different Asian religions, ethnic, language, dance, costumes, art, food and music coexisted; reflects a unique blend of Asian and European colonial influences on its architecture, townscape and culture, especially, its shop houses and townhouses with some originating in the Dutch and Portuguese periods (UNESCO, n.d.). However, in order to keep the title of being a World Heritage Site, Malacca has to conserve, preserve, and sustain the true unique, beautiful historical and cultural parts of Malacca. Malacca has divided its tourism sector to 12 different subsectors and each subsector has its own unique selling point. Two of the main subsectors in Malaccas tourism context, is heritage tourism and cultural tourism. This is due to the fact that Malacca is a state rich with multicultural society and surviving artefacts that dates back into the 15th century. For instance, Malacca has a mix community of Baba and Nyonya, Kristang (Portuguese-Eurasian or Portuguese-Malaccan), Chitty, Chinese, Malay and Indian; each with its unique cultural identity. Hence, it can be summarized that tourism activities that is based on heritage and culture is significant in Malacca because besides historical aspects, Malacca also has the uniqueness of tangible and intangible cultural heritage which is not available in any other states in Malaysia, for example the Dutch Square and AFamosa. Figure : Tourist Arrivals in Malacca Source: (Melaka-Tourism-Promotion-Division, 2012) Figure 1 shows numbers of tourist arrivals to Malacca for the past 5 years. Before the declaration of Malacca as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, tourist arrivals recorded by the Melaka Tourism Promotion Division (refer to figure 1) was as much as 6,023,311 people in year 2007. However, despite facing world economic recession in year 2008 and 2009, Malacca after the UNESCO declaration, tourist arrivals has shot up by 19.62% to the number of 7,205,492 tourists in year 2008 and an increase of 23.59% by year 2009 with a total of 8,905,273 tourists. The increase in numbers of tourist arrivals has shown that Malacca has the attractions that could catch the attention of tourists who are mostly domestic tourists. After the world economic crisis, tourism was projected to rebound strongly in year 2010 and 2011 in international tourist arrivals and receipts (Kapiki, 2011). Conversely, in year 2010 and 2011, although there is an increase in the number of tourist arrivals, it is noticed that the number had increase by a smaller percentage. For instance, tourist arrivals in year 2010 has an increase by 16.28% compared to arrivals in year 2009; and 17.49% in year 2011 compared to arrivals in year 2010. In other words, although number of tourist arrivals recorded in year 2011 was 12,165,866 tourists, which is the highest record than previous years, however, the arrivals of tourists had reduced while the world economy has slowly improved. This has prompted the question of whether Malaccas attraction is able to provide the authentic experience which is seek by cultural tourists. 1.3 Background of Jonker Street History of Jonker Street, according to a documented research done by Lim and Jorge (2006), dating in the 15th centuries, Jonker Street was one of the densely- populated area of merchants and artisans during the reign of Malacca Sultanate. It continued to be so during the period of Portuguese and Dutch. Following the defeat of Portuguese power to the Dutch, Jalan Hang Jebat was named as Jonker Straat (Noblemans Street) by the Dutch. With the strategic location of Jonker Street situating near the sea, it has helped in prospering the area and became home to most well-to-do people. To ensure a better landscape is seen in Jonker Street, the Dutch government in the mid 1600s, had implemented rules and strict regulations to the houses design, size of brick, position of windows, walls and drain, so that all houses are conformed to the same building standards. In the 1800s, more Chinese merchant bought up houses at Jonker Street, thus, adding Chinese architecture and designs to the faà §ade of buildings. There is a mix community of Chinese, Dutch, Muslim and Portuguese-Eurasian noted staying at Jonker Street until the 19th century, bringing in a diverse of culture and architecture. At the present time, Jonker Street is a five hundred meter long street with a stretch of buildings by both sides of the road. The facade of these buildings features a mixture of Dutch and Chinese architecture. Many of these houses are as old as 300 years. Although the width of houses along Jonker Street seems narrow, however, the length of these historical buildings is at least 50 meters long (Ong Ong, 2004) and creates a space in the middle of the house as courtyards for better air ventilation. Furthermore, the width of Jonker Street is narrow; hence, this historical settlement was designed without a sidewalk for pedestrians. Jonker Street also known as Jalan Hang Jebat, was selected to form a part of the World Heritage Site listings for its residential and commercial values. It is basically, a street that is full of small businesses, cafes, art gallery, handicraft shops, antique shops and clothes shop, which has made it into a shopping zone in the area. However, it could be noticed that some of the shops conducts two or three types of businesses in one shop lot to increase revenue. For example, the owner of an ancestral hall had rented out half of the lower ground of the building to an enterprise to sell local food product and traditional Chinese wedding accessories such as bed linens, wedding attire and red packets and so on; In addition, a shop selling souvenirs and antiques, is also selling desserts. These shops are mostly operated by Malaccan residents whereby some of the shops are being passed down from generation to generation such as an antique shop known as Abdul Company. Besides, Jonker Street is also a place with a variety of artisans and craftsmen such as goldsmiths, watch repairers, clog makers, beaded shoemakers and local chefs. Furthermore, religious activities are conducted at places such as temples, clan buildings and ancestral halls, located along this road. The presence of temples and clan buildings had not only served its purpose in representing the needs of its clan members, but it had also strengthened the cultural elements of Jonker Street. By looking at its past, it is evident that Jonker Street is rich with different architectural styles, and traditional shops that had made it outstanding. However, measures to promote this priceless treasure have not served its purpose. Malacca tourism officers had noted Jonker Streets heritage and cultural value, thus, to further promote it as a tourism spot, more cafes, shops and accommodations emerged; and in June 2000, the local authorities had added a weekly activity at Jonker Street which is Jonker Walk, where it became a street that is popular for its weekend flee market that opens every Friday, Saturday and Sunday. Jonker Walk is a popular attraction for tourists as there is an array of products to be sold, ranging from, snacks, souvenirs, apparel and accessories. According to a study on tourist movement patterns in Malacca done by Rahman, Ismail, and Wai (2011) in observing 8 tourist zones, which is Dataran Sungai Melaka, St. Pauls Hill, Kota Street, Laksamana Street, Temenggung Street, Kampung Pantai, Tokong Street and Jonker Street, it is proven that the tourist attraction with the highest number of tourists, occurs at Jonker Street. Streets in Melaka World Heritage Site such as Tokong Street, Temenggung Street and Kampung Pantai share similar character as Jonker Street; for instance, these streets have traditional traders such as goldsmiths, tin smiths, shop houses and business traders. However, one factor that makes Jonker Street outstanding is the design of its buildings. According to Rahman et al. (2011), Jonker Street was the most visited tourist destination in Malacca as it provides shopping, hotel and catering facilities to the tourists all in one street. Hence, Jonker Street is chosen as the studys destination. Furthermore, Jonker S treet together with Jalan Tun Tan Cheng Lock, has formed the oldest heritage zone in Malacca, and were introduced by Malacca as its living museum (Ong Ong, 2004). Problem Statement Malacca is a state rich in history and culture, which some of it, could not be found in other states of Malaysia. Therefore, plenty of efforts have been made to develop tourism products in Malacca and actively promoting it both within and outside of the country. Jonker Street is one of the examples where by the authority had recognised it as a tourist attraction due to its advantage as the oldest heritage zone in Malacca. 1.4.1Influence of Chinese architecture and presence of Chinese clans When the British took over in the 1825, most of the properties at Jonker Street were acquired by Chinese merchants and changed the architecture of houses at the street with Chinese facades as more wealthy and influential Chinese merchants began to arrive. Soon in the 1900s Jonker Street depict strong Chinese influence with the presence of nine Chinese clan associations and temple for worship. Traditional skills such as goldsmith, carpentry, bricklaying, boatbuilding and baking were also brought in by the Chinese community. 1.4.2 The beginning of commercial area Shortly, in 1927 Eurasian community begin to appear at Jonker Street. This was when Jonker Street begins to build its reputation as a commercial area with shops selling liquor, repair shops, furniture shops, car showroom and etc. By the end of World War Two and the Japanese Occupation, many residents had moved out of the place, making room for local businesses to start serving the basic needs of Malaccans. 1.4.3 Increase of employment opportunities Tourism sector is now considered as one of the three main source of fiscal strength in Malaysia besides sources from petroleum and industry (Hoffman, 1979). This sector has provided local people with a lot of employment opportunities; it is also seen as a main indicator that contributes to the economic growth of a place. Malacca is a state rich with cultural diversity, this in hand, has given Malacca the opportunity to develop its cultural tourism sector. Conceptually, Jonker Street represents the characteristics of rich historical and multi-cultural background of Malacca. Being in a unique cultural setting has also provided opportunity to the multi-cultural society to transform their culture into a saleable object. For instance, tangible culture of Chinese and Baba Nyonya heritage could be sold to tourist through food such as chicken rice balls, nyonya laksa and traditional nyonya cakes; clothes such as nyonya kebaya, wooden clogs and beaded shoes. This popularity has attracted a variety of new art gallery, curio shop and restaurant operators to begin business in the area. Besides plentiful of shopping choices, the arts and culture of Jonker Street was also reflected through orchestral music performances, dance lessons, food and souvenirs. Jonker Street is now deemed as a cultural attraction by the Melaka Tourism Promotion Division. Jonker Street is being promoted as a shopping district, emphasizing on things to buy such as antiques and souvenirs rather than its unique architecture buildings and culture. Undeniably, generating sales is a must in a tourism destination in order to obtain economic benefits from the tourists, yet, are the products sold reflect the culture of Jonker Street? Are the tourists able to remember where they get that piece of product from? Jonker Street has been chosen as the case study based on previous research citing that there is vagueness to the meaning of Jonker Street as a cultural attraction despite possessing criteria that proved it is. According to Ong and Ong (2004), whose study is based on Jonker Walk- the weekend night activity in Jonker Street, has garnered evidence that the project has received negative criticism from the public, citing that it is a negative development on Jonker Street and it is a poor idea in conserving Malacca. One of the criticism mentioned in Ong and Ong (2004), was from Elizabeth Vines (Unesco Asia-Pacific representative) noting that the development of Jonker Walk as a tourist attraction has changed its original character into a commercialised tourist attraction; Vines also mention that in order to bring success to tourism development and promotion of the state, the State Government and entrepreneurs has to consider Malaccas character, soul and authenticity. Furthermore, Lim and Jorge (2006), has also point out that the development of Jonker Street as a night market on weekends, has become the means of destruction of the streets heritage by evicting traditional craft masters and demolition of heritage buildings. For example, premises of goldsmiths from the 1800s to year 2000 were renovated, taking away antique painted glass panels and wall mirrors to accommodate a fast food outlet, a craftsman of traditional Chinese bound foot shoe maker as well as incense and joss stick maker were evicted from their premises and demolished the buildings to make way for new multi-storey hotel which had failed to happen. More to the point, this issue was also brought up by Lindt (2012), Jonker Street is an example of culture street in Malacca that had been transformed into a tourist destination which is less authentic, citing that liquors, batik linens and cheeky T-shirts are among the products sold to tourists at the centuries old heritage street. From the discussion above, the most significant problem being discovered is since the local authorities implemented a new project named Jonker Walk to add to the attractions of Jonker Street, this has raised the question of whether this development affects the cultural values inherent to it? How much of culture value in Jonker Street still remains after the transformation? What cultural experience does Jonker Street offer? Hence, this research is to study what are the products that are provided at Jonker Street in relation to culture tourism elements; and the authenticity of cultural products at Jonker Street from the perspective of stakeholders. 1.5 Research Objective The main objective in this study is to examine whether tourists perceived Jonker Street as an authentic cultural attraction. From this main objective, three sub-objectives are formed, as listed below: To study the existing product provided at Jonker Street in relation to culture tourism elements To study the authenticity of cultural products at Jonker Street from the perspective of stakeholders (government, Jonker Walk Committee, entrepreneur and tourist) 1.6 Research Question As an investigative research study, the research questions developed are based on the objectives of the research. The research questions are as below: What product is provided at Jonker Street in terms of cultural attraction? What are the demographics of tourists in Jonker Street? What is the interest to visit Jonker Street? What is the perception of stakeholders towards authenticity in Jonker Street? Table 1: Summary of Objective and Research Question Research Objectives Research Questions To study the existing product provided at Jonker Street in relation to culture tourism elements What product is provided at Jonker Street in terms of cultural attraction? What are the demographics of tourists in Jonker Street? What is their interest to visit Jonker Street? To study the authenticity of cultural products at Jonker Street from the perspective of stakeholders What is the perception of stakeholders towards authenticity in Jonker Street? Significance of study Jonker Street is among the famous tourist attraction in Malacca. The authorities have to ensure that Jonker Street has its unique selling point that would be able to attract tourists revisiting the place again. Tourist influx to the street has generated income for some of the residents at the area by selling souvenirs, clothes, food and so on. However, it is noted through observation that products sold at Jonker Street, especially souvenirs are mostly imported goods from other countries and does not symbolize or reflect cultures of Jonker Street. Hence, this research is to study the authenticity of cultural products at Jonker Street. Authenticity is related with cultural tourism as authenticity in tourism context means the desired experience a tourist gets associated with visits to tourism destinations; the result of encountering a culture different than of the tourist (Smith, 1989) which is similar to the objective of cultural tourism that is for the tourist to learn and experience the culture of other nations. This study will be significant to the tourism promotion boards of Malacca as it tries to understand the attractions at Jonker Street, characteristics of tourists and stakeholders perceptions. Perceptions of stakeholders determine whether Jonker Street is able to provide the authentic experience that tourists seek in a cultural tourism destination. This in turn helps tourism planners of Malacca to further enhance cultural tourism in its state, whilst maintaining the culture of Malacca people. 1.8 Scope and limitation of study This study is limited to stakeholders related to Jonker Street, Malacca only. It is focused on stakeholders perception of authenticity of cultural product at Jonker Street, Malacca. The dependent variable of this study is perception of stakeholders while the independent variables are products provided at Jonker Street and characteristic and profile of tourist. This study will use authenticity as a measure to view stakeholders perception on Jonker Street. This will show whether Jonker Street is perceived as a cultural attraction or vice versa. The unavailability of secondary data of tourist arrivals at Jonker Street and time restrain has also caused limitations to this study. Definition of terms The following definitions of terms are used for this study: Authenticity Authenticity comes from the word authentic. In general, authentic means genuine, realness and purity. Authenticity in the leisure context means the real or genuine experience a tourist gets during their travel to places with cultures different than their own (Hillman, n.d.). Objective authenticity is an experience whereby tourists are able to understand the culture of other society at a tourist destination (Hillman, n.d.). Cultural tourism Culture includes a broad spectrum of beliefs, a set of practices that acts as a general guiding principle. According to Bonink and Richards (1992), cultural tourism is defined as travelling to specific cultural destinations such as heritage sites, artistic and cultural attractions, arts and drama at places outside of their usual environment (as cited in (Ding, 2009)) Cultural Products Cultural products reflect a cultures characteristic. As said by Ivanovic (2008), the cultural attraction itself is known as the cultural tourism product. The author has noted that when intrinsic cultural value is found at a cultural attraction, it gives the place potential to be developed as a cultural tourism product. Furthermore, the development of accommodation, infrastructure, services and facilities at that cultural attraction, will be an added value to the product. Hence, the intrinsic value of culture along with added value has formed the destinations cultural resources into cultural tourism products. For example, when a tourist visits a destination, they are actually using the total cultural product, which are, accommodation, food, weather, transportation, hospitality and attitude of hosts (Ivanovic, 2008). Cultural products could be categorized into two groups which are tangible and intangible. Tangible products are things that are presented in a material form while intangib le products are that societies believe it exists but could not be seen. Examples of tangible products are toys, musical instruments, dresses, types of residence, food, sports equipment, literature and artwork; while intangible products are such as dance, music, language and literary styles (Lawrence, 1999). Methodology Research Objective Literature Review Culture The concept of Cultural tourism The concept of Authenticity Pilot study Data Collection Structured Interview Data Analysis Data gathering key in Data Selection Formulation Content Analysis Summary of findings Final Report Background Study Malacca, voice from the street (Lim Fernando, 2006) The making of Jonker Walk (Ong Ong, 2004) Research Problem Scope of Research Jonker Street, Malacca Product mix Characteristic and profile of tourist Preparation of Interview The research approach for this study will be based on observation, literature review and interview. Selection of respondents will be chosen through purposive sampling. The survey will be conducted at Jonker Street, Malacca on weekends to collect data from domestic and international tourists and entrepreneurs as well as to conduct structured interview on weekdays with other stakeholders such as government and Jonker Walk Committee. Data collected through this survey will be analysed through content analysis. The purpose of the data analysis is to discover the interest for tourist to visit Jonker Street, the products provided at Jonker Street regarding to culture tourism and to understand the perception of stakeholders towards authenticity of cultural products at Jonker Street. 1.11 Research Organisation Chapter 1 Chapter 1 is an introduction to the background of research, research problem, research objective, research question, scope and limitations of study, definition of terms, research procedure and research organization Chapter 2 Chapter 2 will discuss about theoretical framework to explain regarding culture tourism, culture products, authenticity, and relations of cultural products to authenticity. This will explain about the effects of authenticity of cultural products to tourists. Chapter 3 Chapter 3 highlights the methodology of research which will be used in this study. The perspective of stakeholders towards authenticity of cultural products at Jonker Street will be collected through structured interview. Chapter 4 Chapter 4 explains on the authenticity of cultural products from the perspective from stakeholders of Jonker Street, Malacca. Chapter 5 Chapter 5 gives conclusion on the study by analyzing findings on the perspectives of stakeholders chosen and make suggestions to the relevant authorities of Malacca. Chapter 6 Chapter 6 states the limitations of study, conclusion and presents information on possible extensions on future research.