Women in Psychology Assessing the Contributions of Margaret Floy Washburn

Presentation The commitments of ladies in the field of brain research have regularly been liable to underreporting and distorting all through the subject’s history. In the nineteenth and twentieth hundreds of years, ladies were generally victimized and seen as substandard compared to men, not referencing the way that they delighted in small remaining in the public arena (O’Connell Russo, 1990). Ladies, regardless of this mishap, have contributed enormous information to the field of brain research, and appropriately fit the bill to be offered a unique spot of recognition in the chronicles of history.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Women in Psychology: Assessing the Contributions of Margaret Floy Washburn explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is a verifiable truth that brain research could never have been the equivalent were it not for the extraordinary commitments of ladies therapists, for example, Mary Whiton Calkins, Christin e Ladd-Franklin, Mary Ainsworth, Margaret Floy Washburn, Melaine Klein, Karen Horney, among others (Scarborough Furumoto, 1987). It is the object of this paper to basically assess the commitments made by Margaret Floy Washburn to the field of brain science. Foundation Born July 25, 1871 in the edges of New York City, Margaret Floy Washburn was the lone offspring of Francis and Elizabeth Floy. Youthful Washburn burned through a large portion of her early stages at Ulster County, New York, and moved on from secondary school in 1886 (Green, 2000). Her enthusiasm for brain science began when Washburn was enlisted at Vassar College as a preliminary understudy when she was scarcely fifteen years of age. While learning at Vassar, Washburn picked up participation of Kappa Alpha Theta coalition for ladies, lastly moved on from school in 1891. The youngster was resolved to promote her investigations when ladies were seen as mediocre compared to men. She was enlisted as an inspector in the rec ently made mental research facility at Columbia University since the organization had not begun conceding ladies for graduate investigations (Green, 2000; O’Connell Russo, 1990). Under the direction of James McKeen Cattell, Washburn refuted her spoilers and performed amazingly well in her investigations, provoking Cattell to urge her to assist her examinations at the recently re-sorted out Sage School of Philosophy, Cornell University (Green, 2000). At the organization, Washburn was the solitary alumni understudy studying brain science under the direction of E.B. Titchener. The sprouting therapist embraced a test concentrate on tangible recognition, meeting all requirements for a Master’s certificate grant in 1893 from Vassar College, though in absentia. Washburn later did her doctoral proposal on the impacts of visual symbolism on decisions of material affectability, and was fortunate to have her work distributed in 1895 in Philosophische Studien when Titchener sent t he theory to Wilhelm Wundt, the Journal’s distributer (Green, 2000; O’Connell Russo, 1990). Prior on in 1894, Washburn left a mark on the world by turning into the main lady comprehensively to win a PhD in psychology.Advertising Looking for article on brain research? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Career-wise, Washburn took up different showing posts in esteemed organizations, for example, Wells College, Vassar College, Sage College, and the male-ruled University of Cincinnati (Green, 2000). She was chosen for American Psychological Association (APA) administration in 1921, and went further to turn into the co-alter the generally perused American Journal of Psychology for quite a long time before at last been chosen for the commended National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in the time of the 1930’s. She stayed a Professor of Psychology at Vassar College until 1937 when sick wellbeing constrained her to resi gn. The commended therapist passed on October 29, 1939. Hypothetical Perspective Margaret Washburn, intrigued with examining the brains and conduct directions of people and creatures, was convinced that trial brain science could offer the fitting strategy and approaches for exploring the subject (Woodworth, 1948). The clinician was excessively keen on considering the practices of individuals and creatures to a state of building up the engine hypothesis of cognizance. Washburn, in any case, was most popular for her purposeful endeavors in the field of similar brain science, coming full circle in distributing a book in 1908, which proceeded to remain the favored relative brain research asset book for the following two decades. In talking about her hypothetical point of view, it is basic to recall that Washburn educated at Cornell University under the guidance and direction of E.B. Titchener, a structuralist in significant ways (Scarborough Furumoto, 1987). In later days, structuralism came to be alluded as functionalism. Being an understudy of Titchener, Washburn was impacted by the functionalist directions, and was known to put together her method of reasoning and hypothesis with respect to the fundamentals of functionalism (O’Connell Russo, 1990). The major hypothetical direction of being a functionalist is that each element is seen to have a capacity. To be sure, functionalism is an expansive point of view in the field of sociology which makes reference to social structures and life forms as entire elements as far as the multifaceted capacity of their constituent segments (Woodworth, 1948). As per Levin (2009 ), â€Å"†¦ functionalism in the way of thinking of psyche is the regulation that what makes something a psychological condition of a specific kind doesn't rely upon its inward constitution, but instead in transit it capacities, or the job it plays, in the framework wherein it is a part† (para. 1).Advertising We will compose a custom e xposition test on Women in Psychology: Assessing the Contributions of Margaret Floy Washburn explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the introduction of engine hypothesis of awareness, Washburn tried to intervene between the auxiliary functionalist mental directions of Wilhelm Wundt and E.B. Titchener on the one side and the restricting behaviorist viewpoint on the other (Woodworth, 1948; O’Connell Russo, 1990). These contending mental points of view had separated cognizance from conduct, with the auxiliary functionalists indicating enthusiasm on awareness, while the behaviorists were of the sentiment that the field of brain research should just fret about the investigation of conduct. Washburn’s hypothesis of cognizance served to accommodate the two hypothetical viewpoints expressed above by researching the manners by which singular musings and discernments produce engine response (O’Connell Russo, 1990). It is said that Washburn â€Å"†¦realized that Titchener’s exacting auxiliary brain science hypotheses had a few constraints and begun to work in her own hypothesis about engine framework and psyche processes† (Margaret Floy Washburn, n.d., para. 7). She inferred her wants and vitality to build up another hypothetical point of view about engine aptitudes and brain from her steady refusal to perceive the greater part of the viewpoints sent by significant schools of brain research concerning the issues of awareness and conduct. Thusly, she thought of a regulation underlining that â€Å"†¦thinking requires provisional movements†¦mental phenomenaâ€for model, sentiments and sensations, hues and tonesâ€were genuine as well as vital subjects to analyze; brain science is the investigation of conduct and consciousness† (O’Connell Russo, 1990, p. 345). Her hypothetical point of view served to connect the auxiliary mental direction to the behaviorist viewpoint. Commitments Washburn was known essentially for her original work in creature brain science, which was fundamentally joined in her 1908 distribution ‘The Animal Mind’ (Woodworth, 1948). In her work, the therapist was of the sentiment that individuals and creatures had a specific degree of awareness and passionate connection, also called compassion. It was likewise her considered conclusion that each and every animal known to mankind has a significance. Her takes a shot at cognizance and sympathy lighted later day therapists to refine the theme and create basic speculations that are as yet being used today. These hypotheses have made it workable for clinicians to learn and comprehend the multifaceted connection between the psyche and conduct (Green, 2000).Advertising Searching for article on brain research? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Washburn’s instructive commitments can't get away from notice; having shown reasoning and brain science in various establishments, including the lofty Well’s College, Vassar College, Sage College, and the male-ruled University of Cincinnati (Green, 2000). She more likely than not impacted an incredible number of brain science understudies, particularly because of her commitment and techniques for examination. On the off chance that Washburn is associated with her instructive commitments, she is even recalled more for her original works in near brain research (Green, 2000). The works are best caught in her book ‘The Animal Mind,’ where she gives clear delineations of how creatures, much the same as people, experience agony and joy. The therapist can be credited for basically assessing creature psychiatry a similar way human psychiatry had been done previously, and endeavoring to relate the two through evaluating some mental contemplations and ideas, for exam ple, dementia, interruption, sentiments, conduct, deliriums and focused thoughts (Scarborough Furumoto, 1987). Washburn contributed extraordinary information on faculties and how they are utilized by an assortment of creatures for endurance. In particular, she examined the mollusk in various conditions to evaluate how it detects its food and how the food improvements capacities to change the conduct of the mollusk (Green, 2000). This social appro

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Local American religion entered each part of their way of life. This makes it hard for a prevalently white, European, mainstream society to decipher Native Indian otherworldliness. There is no single Native American religion, but instead the same number of religions as there are Indian people groups. Religion and custom were a component of all movement: from the food journey and other endurance related work to innovation, social and political association, fighting and craftsmanship. Religion and enchantment were intertwined with down to earth science; for instance, petition was utilized related to chasing and angling methods, and chants went with viable natural cures in the relieving of ailment. I might want to explain on Native American perspectives according to their religion. As expressed by Lester Kurtz, â€Å"In a basically separated society, each foundation is given a particular assignment; the errand of strict establishments is to watch out for profound and moral issues† (167). Religion assumed an unmistakable job in the understanding of the universe for the American Indians. It encouraged in the adjustment of human movement to the patters of nature. Indians were customarily an all encompassing and respectful individuals, seeing themselves as augmentations of vivify and lifeless common items.. Notwithstanding this comprehensive quality, different speculations can be made with respect to Indian religion. Some portion of the uncommon close connection with nature included a feeling of family relationship with the characteristic world and the attribution of inborn spirits and human properties to plants, creatures, lifeless things and regular wonders. Indian religion for the most part additionally included the conviction that the universe is suffused with mysterious powers and ground-breaking spirits. From what ancestral populaces definitely know, history specialists can finish up there are basic attributes that appear to be shared by the entirety of t he Native Americans. In spite of the fact that there are numerous purposes of difference, the convictions of Native Americans are recognized by ... Free Essays on Natives Free Essays on Natives Local American religion entered each part of their way of life. This makes it hard for a dominatingly white, European, common society to decipher Native Indian otherworldliness. There is no single Native American religion, but instead the same number of religions as there are Indian people groups. Religion and custom were a component of all action: from the food journey and other endurance related work to innovation, social and political association, fighting and craftsmanship. Religion and enchantment were melded with down to earth science; for instance, petition was utilized related to chasing and angling strategies, and mantras went with successful natural cures in the restoring of illness. I might want to explain on Native American perspectives corresponding to their religion. As expressed by Lester Kurtz, â€Å"In a basically separated society, each establishment is given a specific errand; the assignment of strict foundations is to keep an eye on otherworldly and moral issuesà ¢â‚¬  (167). Religion assumed a conspicuous job in the translation of the universe for the American Indians. It encouraged in the adjustment of human action to the patters of nature. Indians were generally a comprehensive and respectful individuals, seeing themselves as expansions of quicken and lifeless regular articles.. Notwithstanding this comprehensive quality, different speculations can be made with respect to Indian religion. Some portion of the exceptional close connection with nature included a feeling of family relationship with the normal world and the attribution of intrinsic spirits and human properties to plants, creatures, lifeless things and regular marvels. Indian religion by and large additionally included the conviction that the universe is suffused with supernatural powers and incredible spirits. From what ancestral populaces definitely know, students of history can close there are regular qualities that appear to be shared by the entirety of the Native American s. In spite of the fact that there are numerous purposes of complexity, the convictions of Native Americans are recognized by ...

Preserving Minority Languages Essay -- Anthropology Globalization

Language has been utilized as a methods for correspondence among society individuals as time started. Every single network has its own novel dialect, which is utilized to pass on a specific message from the sender to the beneficiary. For a language to be acknowledged as a methods for correspondence among society individuals, it ought to be clear, easy to utilize and justifiable among the clients. There are around 6,000 distinct dialects, which are utilized in the entire world. Such dialects are one of a kind and particular from each. Yagmur (2009) underpins that; a language goes about as a reflection or like a reflection of the general public from which it begins. For example, a language may depict the way of life and inception of a specific network. Because of current globalization impacts, language mix has continually been occurring. This has made a few dialects be received as the significant specialized apparatuses. For instance, English and French dialects are presently being utilized as the significant dialects of correspondence. Individuals who are not acquainted with these dialects are being named as society slouches who don't acknowledge changes. This has gotten some help from Jiang (2007) who includes that; this language coordination has made a few dialects be minimized. Such dialects that are viewed as minor are generally spoken or utilized by networks, which are minority and underestimated inside the general public. Different discussions on whether to protect these underestimated dialects have emerged over the previous decades. These minority’s dialects collect different society components like culture, religion, convictions, practices and practices. These dialects resemble an archeological site that ought to be safeguarded. Thus, underestimated dialects ought to be safeguarded in light of the fact that they convey mind... ...gr114> LaPonce, J. A. 2004. â€Å"Minority Languages and Globalization.† Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, Spring Vol. 10 Issue 1, p15-24. Ushioda, E. 2006. â€Å"Language Motivation in a Reconfigured Europe: Access, Identity, Autonomy.† Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, Vol. 27 Issue 2, p148-161. Yagmur, K. 2009. â€Å"Language use and ethnolinguistic imperativeness of Turkish contrasted and the Dutch in the Netherlands.’ Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, Vol. 30 Issue 3, p219-233.

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Marketing Management Stp Model - Free Sample Solution

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In medical device segment, this company produces a range of devices, which are usable by healthcare practitioners in field of neurological diseases, diabetes care, cardiovascular disease, orthopedics, infection prevention and aesthetics. Moreover, the consumer segment of Johnson Johnson contains a big range of products that are used in skin care, baby care, oral care and womens health care as well as different pharmaceutical products (Kim et al., 2015). These consumer segment products are sold through retail outlets across the world. Targeting: In general targeting refers to selection of the target customers for particular goods or services. The target customers of Johnson Johnson Company are range of customer groups belonging to different age, gender and ethnic groups. There are some issues for Johnson Johnson like competitors or substitutes products but, the trust of people on this brand makes it easy to achieve targets in the market. Johnson Johnson targets hospitals, doctors, wholesalers, healthcare professionals and retailers through its medical and healthcare product range (Johnson and Johnson, 2016). Under targeting, Johnson and Johnson can choose appropriate market segment for its products according to nature/characteristics of market and product nature. For example, a geographical region or country with large strengths of baby births and population of babies can be appropriate market segment for baby product segment of the company. Positioning: Under positioning, a company tries to identify ways or strategies for positioning its products and services in the market. Under positioning, a company offers something extra, better and more valuable than rest of market players before customers in a target market. Johnson Johnson tries to influence consumers mind is excellent way through quality of products. This company focuses to bring value for the people by new and innovative products (Leucht et al, 2012). The company is operating more than 134 manufacturing facilities with eight innovative research centers to secure its business position in the market. Strategic planning of Johnson Johnson is excellent that meets all the expectations of human care and makes a strong position in the market. IKEA uses three types of segmentation strategies for its business such as demographic, geographic and psychographic segmentation. Through use of demographic segmentation, company studies feasibility of a particular market through review demographic factors such as population size, life style of people, urban and sub-urban distribution of population, income level and age group. Under geographic segmentation, the company divides its whole market into geographic regions such as European market, Asian markets etc. IKEA is an international brand in furniture industry (Johnson and Johnson, 2016). This company is expanding its business in different countries through different marketing strategies. In this context market segmentation, targeting and positioning also used by the company as strategic tools. IKEA used market segmentation strategy by dividing the market in different submarket to provide its services effectively and efficiently. IKEA classified its customers as middle class, young and upward who prefer low price products (Sequeira, 2016). Therefore, the company described its market on the basis of different aspects such as; demographic, geographic, psychographic and gender. Moreover, the income level and average age is expected to rise in developed countries but the target segmentation of IKEA is young and low to middle income families which are expected to small in size. For this reason, the targeting strategy of IKEA is mainly focused on middle income families. IKEA designs its marketing efforts according to this customer segment. The product range offered by IKEA is not limited to households. It means, the target customers of IKEA cannot be said to be households or families only (IKEA, 2016). The company deals in furniture for home as well as offices. For this reason, the business entities like property developers, real estate firms can also be target customers (i.e. business customers) for IKEA. In this context, it would be very productive for IKEA to target every target customer including households, offices and real-estate, property developers (Barton, 2015). This would be effective to improve effectiveness of marketing efforts of company. In this context, IKEA can offer different offers for households and business customers. Overall, the market positioning statement of IKEA is Your partner in better living. We do our part, you do yours. Together we save money. IKEA focuses on creation of its position in the market through the use of effective marketing mix aspects such as high quality products, price, place and promotional offers. Marketing team of company collects different data about customers perception to develop and secure the position of company in target market. For this, the company is increasing investment in advertisements, sales locations and psychology of low pricing in market (Brown et al., 2012). Through low price and high quality of products, the company has achieved a good position in furniture industry. Furthermore, IKEA provides the furniture to its customers at lowest price with better quality to make a good brand position in target market. One best way that can be taken into account by management of IKEA for improving its value position is the identification of wants and expectations of particular market segment or target customers (Barton, 2015). After this, it is duty of management to find out ways and value propositions, in which it can meet the requirements of target market in better way as compared to other market players. This can prove to be effective for attainment of competitive business position in market. From the above analysis, it can be concluded that market segmentation, targeting and positioning are critical business practices that are needed by every organization for accomplishment of future business goals timely and successfully. This essay has also concluded that the consumers expect products with high quality at low and competitive market price. So, the companies need to focus on cost controlling techniques to ensure availability of products at low market price without compromising with quality aspects. References Barton, L. (2015). Active Positioning: The Importance of Relevancy,Journal of Marketing Perspectives Volume I, 48-58. Brown, S., McDonagh, P. and Shultz, C. (2012). Dark marketing: ghost in the machine or skeleton in the cupboard,European Business Review,24(3), 196-215. Donald, M. and Dunbar, L. (2012). Market Segmentation: How to Do It and How to Profit from I. USA: John Wiley Sons. Ikea(2016)Home Office Furniture: Who says you cant mix business with pleasure?. [Online]. Available at: https://www.ikea.com/gb/en/catalog/categories/departments/workspaces/ (Accessed: 25 August 2016). Johnson and Johnson (2016) Johnson and Johnson. [Online]. Available at: https://www.jnjindia.com/ (Accessed: 25 August 2016). Kampamba, J. (2015). An Analysis of the Potential Target Market through the Application of the STP Principle/Model,Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences,6(4), 324-356. Kim, M., Cardinal, B. J. and Cardinal, M. K. (2015). Diversifying Physical Activity Course Curricula to Meet Institutional Expectations and Satisfy Student Needs in Higher Education: An Introductory Framework,Journal of Physical Education, Recreation Dance,86(9), 5-8. Lamd, C., Hair, J. and Mcdaniel, C. (2011). Essentials of Marketing. USA: Cengage Learning. Leucht, S., Tardy, M., Komossa, K., Heres, S., Kissling, W., Salanti, G. and Davis, J. M. (2012). Antipsychotic drugs versus placebo for relapse prevention in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis,The Lancet,379(9831), 2063-2071. Moran, M. and Hunt, B. (2014). Search Engine Marketing, Inc.: Driving Search Traffic to Your Company's Website. USA: IBM Press. Sequeira, M. (2016).Marketing case study How to build strong brands in emerging countries, 3(5), 23-36. Weinstein, A. (2013). Handbook of Market Segmentation: Strategic Targeting for Business and Technology Firms. USA: Routledge.

The Fast Food industry

Introduction People keep talking about negative effects of fast food on people’s health. Lots of people claim that the growth of the rate of obese people correlates with the growth of fast food chains in the region. For instance, it is now believed that the American ways and lifestyles are spreading worldwide which leads to the increase of obese people (â€Å"Globesity† n.p.).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Fast Food industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At the same time, there are people who agree that fast food restaurant chains contribute to the change of lifestyles and eating behaviors, but they are not totally responsible (Zollinger-Read n.p.). It is possible to consider a number of central issues concerning fast food to understand whether fast food industry is totally responsible for the change in eating behaviors and lifestyles. Fast Food Harms People’s Health Admittedly, lots of people find fast food tasty and quite cheap. Hence, it is an easy way to eat as one does not need to spend time cooking and washing up. Therefore, fast food saves a lot of time, which is really important for a contemporary hectic life. However, they often ignore the fact that this food contains a lot of calories. It has been acknowledged that fast food restaurants have come up with less fatty foods, but they are still far from being healthy due to fatty sauces (Zollinger-Read n.p.). Moreover, people often do not even realize the amount of calories they consume. Fast Food Affects People’s Lifestyles It is also believed that fans of fast food restaurants are often prone to unhealthy lifestyles as these people consume a lot of calories but do not take enough exercise. People also believe that the fast food industry heavily markets its products and promotes unhealthy lifestyles (Schlosser 9). Thus, people of the first part of the twentieth century used to eat at home and have active lives, but contemporary people do not have time to live healthier. Fast Food Industry Is not Solely Responsible Of course, the fast food industry uses media to market its products and many people say that it is wrong as these commercials make people live unhealthy lives (Schlosser 46). However, it follows that media share this responsibility. Obviously, media have become an important tool of affecting people’s choices. Some people say that officials should affect the spread of fast food restaurants as they are harmful (Schlosser 244). Nonetheless, fast food restaurants are not something people are forced to attend. There are lots of smokers in the world even though all people know about the harm of smoking. Likewise, it is well known that fast food is harmful but people still make their choice and eat it. Thus, people are the ones who are solely responsible for their eating habits and lifestyles.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we ca n help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion Therefore, it is important to understand that fast food industry is not solely responsible for the change. It is possible to note that popularity and unprecedented success of the fast food industry is a reflection of trends existing in the society. People try to save time, and they stop cooking and eating at home as it is faster, cheaper and easier to get some food from a local fast food restaurant. Of course, fast food industry has certain impact on people’s eating habits, but still each person is responsible for his/her health. Works Cited Globesity: US Junk Food Industry Tips Global Scales 2013. Web. https://www.rt.com/usa/us-obesity-food-global-regulation-551/. Schlosser, Eric. Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal, New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2012. Print. Zollinger-Read, Paul. â€Å"Is It Time Fast Food Restaurants Became More Responsible?† The Guardian 5 J uly 2013. Web. This essay on The Fast Food industry was written and submitted by user Rosemary Wolfe to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Notes from the underground essays

Notes from the underground essays The UM starts out talking about the office he worked in when he was twenty-four: apparently he hated everyone there and likewise, they hated him. The narrative then derails while the UM describes the Russian national character, which he believes eliminates fools and elevates Romantics who appreciate the "sublime and beautiful." Returning to his description of his life, he notes that he had no friends and was always alone, spending most of his time reading. He admits to satisfying his private desires in various "dens of vice." The UM then describes an incident in a bar one night in which an army officer moved him away from a billiard table as though he were a piece of furniture. He said nothing to the man, but fostered deep seething resentment for this insult. He would run in to this same officer in the street, and try to stare him down, but would always end up stepping out of the way for him (the officer never recognized him). He writes the officer a long letter listing his grievances, but does not send it. Instead he decid es to meet the officer in the street and bump against him instead of stepping aside. The event, when it happens, is anticlimactic: he and the officer bump shoulders, and the officer continues on his way, seeming not to have noticed. The officer is late r transferred, and the UM never sees him again. The UM then describes how he would spend most of his time either depressed or dreaming of grand lives for himself, all of which involve becoming an important charitable man, beloved by all. He remains caught between two extremesa hero or a hermitwith no middle ground between the two. Sometimes, the UM immersed himself so deeply in the "sublime and beautiful" that he would be filled with a great love for mankind, and a deep desire to see others. On these days, he would generally go to visit his supervisor, with whom he was friendly, a lthough the visits were always disastroushe would feel nervous and un...

Evolution of Laboratory Quality Management Systems Assignment

Evolution of Laboratory Quality Management Systems - Assignment Example The origin of Quality Management Systems (QMS) as coordinated activities aimed at directing and controlling an organization about quality can be traced back to 1920s. During this period, Walter Shewhart developed a statistical process control (SPC) as a method of controlling quality in the manufacturing process. With time, quality has become an issue for only not the manufacturing sector, but also to the service delivery players such as laboratories. The concept of quality has gone numerous transformations with the input of different people like Edwards Deming who developed Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI) and Phillip Crosby with his Quality by Requirement. The theoretical constructs of QMS included the Continuous Quality Improvement, the Six Sigma, and the Lean methods. In the 1980s, many laboratories adopted the laboratory information systems (LIS) with the necessary QC Softwares. Quality Control (QC) formed the basis of the first models of ensuring quality in these facilities. It depended on the statistical information and trend analysis of the of the QC results of the instrument used for the testing process. In addition, the performance measurement of the test method was critical to this course. Since QC depended only on the results, it could not meet the objective of quality management of detecting errors that may occur and preventing them from reoccurring rather than guaranteeing an error-free laboratory. As a result, the second model of quality management that involves the systems and processes was introduced. QA as a quality measurement system identifies the key components of the testing process as well as the established laboratory systems. These first two models formed the basis upon which other quality management systems such as cost qual ity management and total quality management were developed.

Moral rights are incompatible with the new digital environment in Essay

Moral rights are incompatible with the new digital environment in which copyright operates. Discuss in the light of(a) the technicaland (b)the practicalan - Essay Example One has to consider what moral rights are because morality is a very hard area to regulate, because one could argue that it is immoral for those with the digital technology to abuse the ownership rights of the copyright owner by making it available to all those who access the website for free1. Yet, on the other hand, one could argue that it is immoral for the copyright holder not to freely disclose information over the internet for free, especially if it benefits society on either educational or health and safety ground2. One could argue that the confidentiality and copyright afforded to Prince Charles over his diaries was immoral because is it right that the next King of England harbors such overtly biased political views Therefore this discussion will have to consider what is moral and not moral, which is a very difficult endeavor because morality one could argue is a subjective view. This exploration will also focus on the WIPO treaty because it is the latest in the international legal framework to balance the rights of society (Utilitarian Rights) and the rights of the individual (Personality Theory Rights) in the new digital age. ... Intellectual Property, Copyright & Rights: Intellectual property rights like property rights have been protected in UK, US and Canadian law as individual and not the realm of the government to encroach into them. This is different from the approach being suggested in global copyright harmonization which considers a different approach, a utilitarian approach which weighs up the interests of society against the individual where the rights of the many outweigh the rights of the few. Copyright in Intellectual Property law usually refers to the protection of ideas in intellectual property prior to their public release; therefore in respect to copyright it can also refer to artistic designs of goods and jingles prior to completion, but the most important factor is that it portrays the traditional approach of UK law, which is similar to the US and Canada, i.e. individual property rights should not be invaded against by government, i.e. they can not be treated in a utilitarian manner, rather the personal and public concerns need to weighed and balanced. The most interesting area of intellectual property law and copyright law is personal rights v's the general welfare of society, i.e. the public nature of artistic and literary works v's protection a persons private property rights in respect to copyright items. The International Copyright Treaty is the latest in a long line of international copyright harmonization. Copyright protection is afforded to literary and artistic works that are in substantial form, i.e. sheet music, recording or written book. The work must be original and not copied.3 There also has to be labor and skill performed by the author/artist4 and

Psychology Essay Example for Free

Psychology Essay This required Portfolio assignment will provide you with the opportunity to practice and hone your research skills. It has been designed to help you think scientifically about real world problems and issues and to apply your knowledge of the research process to various topics in Psychology. This assignment accomplishes that goal by challenging you to: †¢ Differentiate between the common use of the word research and the use of the word research in the social and behavioral sciences †¢ Identify the major steps in the research process using a classic study in Psychology as an example. Part I: Defining Research The word research is used in many different ways. Consider the following examples: †¢ Your friend tells you that he intends to research different hair products before deciding on one to buy. †¢ A real estate agent advises you to research home values in your neighborhood before putting your house on the market. †¢ A police officer reports that she is doing ‘some research’ on possible motives for a crime that was committed. †¢ A writer states that he does ‘extensive research’ before beginning his fictional works. Answer the questions below: 1. How is research defined in the social and behavioral sciences? 2. What makes scientific research different from the examples provided above? In your response, be sure to address the characteristics of ‘good’ psychological research. Part II: Understanding the research process Researchers in Psychology follow a systematic process of investigation. Carefully read Chapter 2 of your textbook, paying special attention to the section on Experimental Research. Then go to Chapter 7 in your textbook and read the following section: Research In-Depth: Counterfactuals and â€Å"If Only†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Thinking. Answer the questions below, using Medvec colleagues’ first study as an example: 1. What hypothesis did Medvec colleagues set out to test in their first study of the ‘near miss’ phenomenon? Describe the theory associated with this hypothesis. 2. Identify the variables in the study and describe how they were measured. How did the researchers operationalize (test or measure) affective response upon winning a bronze or silver medal? 3. Who were the participants in the study and what did they do? 4. Describe the data that were collected and analyzed. 5. Describe the results of the study. What did the researchers conclude? 6. If you were to design a follow-up experiment on this subject, what might it be?

Embryonic and Adult Stem Cells :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stem cells relate to the person health of an individual. Stem cells have the remarkable ability to develop into many different cell types in the body. Able to be a repair system for the body, they can divide without limit to replenish other cells as long as the person alive and able to provide nutrients to the cells. When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential to either remain a stem cell or become another type of cell, such as a muscle cell, a red blood cell, or a brain cell.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stem cells have two important characteristics that distinguishes them from other types of cells. First, they are cells, with no specific function, that renew themselves with cell division. The second is that under certain conditions, they can be â€Å"induced† to become cells, such as the beating cells of the heart muscle or the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Scientists primarily work with two kinds of stem cells from animals and humans: blembryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Scientists discovered ways to obtain stem cells from experiments with mouse embryos, more than 20 years ago! (It would seem knowledge of stem cells would be much farther along by now) Many years of detailed study of the biology of mouse stem cells led to the discovery, in 1998, of how to isolate stem cells from human embryos and grow the cells in the laboratory. The embryos used in these studies were created for infertility purposes with â€Å"in vitro fertilization†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stem cells are important for living organisms for many reasons. During the first stages of a developing embryo, stem cells organize themselves into a certain order which will give rise to the multiple specialized cell types that make up the heart, lung, skin, and other tissues. In some adult tissues, such as bone marrow, muscle, and brain, adult stem cells are found. These stem cells are used to generate replacements for cells that are lost through normal wear and tear, injury, or disease.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The benefits of stem cells can be great. They can be used to cure many debilitating diseases. In a fairly recent study on the uses of stem cells to regenerate organs, a group of scientists surgically removed the spine of a mouse. After this procedure, the mouse because a quadriplegic. Then the scientists injected embryonic stem cells into the tail of the mouse. The mouse, after about six weeks, regained movement in the arms and legs.

National Parks of |Ethiopia

It is the oldest and most develode wildlife reserve in Ethiopia. It is even easy to access, situated 210kms (130miles) east of Addis Ababa. Awash national park occupies about 830 square kilometers (320sq. miles) of dry savannah in the middle of the rift valley. This hot, arid terrain climbs up to 1,000masl, with the exception of the peak of Fentale volcano, which reaches 2,007masl. The parks name comes from the longest river in Ethiopia: the Awash. It marks the southern boundary of the park by means of a deep gorge, then turns north where it reaches the inhospitable Danakil region.In the park’s interior, the river forms a waterfall underneath which it is possible to walk and enjoy the exceptional view of a great numbers and variety of birds. The park’s habitat features an odd riverine forest and interesting volcanic terrain. The impressive 3. 5km crater presents a vision of hell, surrounded by remains of lava from the last eruption in 1820. The harar road cuts the park in to two. Hot springs are accessible by road in the northern part of the park. Warm, turquoise waters with a temperature of 360c offer a delightful swim.Among the park’s sparse vegetation, the palm oil trees stand out. They are highly valued by the Afar people who live in the surrounding area, because edible oil is obtained from its fruit. Not far from the main roads, one can see soemmering’s Gazelles & even the pale beisa oryx, with straight horns capable of spearing a lion. These animals have adapted to the high temperatures and scarcity of water by developing a physiological mechanism that allows them to increase their interior temperature. Instead of perspiring, they lose heat through radiation.There are also other mammals inhabited in the national park like: greater kuhdu, lesser kudu, dik dik, warthogs, Anubis baboon, hamadryas baboon, black & white colobus monkey, vervet monkey and many more. It is not easy to spot predators, but in the park there are lions, le opards, cheetahs, striped and spotted hyenas, golden and black-backed jackals, servals and wild cats. The spotted hyenas, the largest in the family, reach a height of between 65 and 90cm. they have a wide head, short bristly hair, hind quarters lower than the front quarters, and a long, powerful neck. Their coats are grey or yellow with black patches.About 400 species of birds have been counted, including some endemic species such as the banded barbet, the golden backed woodpecker, the thick billed raven and the wattled ibis. SIMIEN MOUNTAIN NATIONAL PARK It is registered as a world heritage site by UNESCO, located in the Simien Mountain, it occupies a surface area of 180km2. Simien means â€Å"NORTH† in Amharic, an allusion to the position it occupies in the Gondar massif, one of the craggiest in Africa. The park is interesting because of the uniqueness of its endemic animals, the beauty of its flora, and the majesty of its impressive landscape.The park, situated between 4,6 20 and 1,900masl, boasts varied flora with three marked botanical areas. The highest parts have meadows with little vegetation, characteristic of afro alpine zones. Here one can find the endemic lobelia rhynchopetalum, small groups of perpetual flowers, helichrysum, and the striking kniphofia foliosa. Of particular botanical interest is the Afrovivella semiensis, a small fleshy plant with pink flowers in the shape of little bells. This plant has been found only in the Simien Mountains and nowhere else on earth.There is only one species within its genus. In the park, there are three most colorful endemic mammals in Ethiopia: the walia ibex which lives wild at an altitude of more than 2,500masl, the gelada baboonwhich inhabits the simian plateax, and the Ethiopian wolf which is also found in great numbers in the Bale mountain national park. In the park, approximately 50 different bird species have been identified, among them a great many scavengers and birds of prey. Birds migrating f rom Europe and all over Africa also can be seen here.One of the most striking birds is the large and powerful lammergeyer or bearded vulture. It is a scavenger, often seen on the north face of the park. This bird nests on inaccessible shelves and in hollows on great walls of rock. Unlike other vultures, its head is completely covered in feathers. Underneath its beak, it has a streak of stiff bristles, which accounts for its nick name â€Å"bearded vulture†. Its wingspan can reach up to 250cm. the lammergeyer feeds on animal remains stripped of meat by other vultures. It takes the bones, drops them from a great height, and eats the marrow.Bones and marrow comprise 85%of its diet. There are also other birds of prey in the park: buzzard, Egyptian vulture, Ruppel’s griffon vultures, eagles, falcons and ravens. Endemic bird species such as the spot-breasted plover, the white-billed starling and the black-headed siskin are easy to spot in the national park during rainy seaso n, as they search for food over the cultivated land of the high plateau. Even if there is a rare chance to see, one can also possibly spot the black-headed forest orioles & golden-backed woodpeckers in the valley. YANGUDI-RASSA NATIONAL PARKDespite the difficulties of getting this place, the Yangudi-rassa national park is worth visiting. It is the last refuge of the extremely rare and almost extinct African wild Ass. Found 500kms northeast of the Addis Ababa, the habitat is 4,371km2of semi desert with vegetation consisting of acacia trees, fleshy grass and scrub. The park protects against the dangers threatening the wild donkey: Somalis and Ethiopian who hunt them for food and medicine, depredation by hyenas, competition with cattle for scarce water, and cross-breeding with domestic donkeys.The sub-species living in Ethiopia, the equus africanus somalicus(YEDUR AHIYA), is down to only a few hundred heads, surviving in a completely wild state. These asses posses excellent climbing ab ilities and usually inhabit rocky, uneven places. This ability differentiates them from their brother, the domestic donkey. BALE MOUNTAIN NATIONAL PARK Although the access route is difficult to traverse, the Bale Mountains are worth visiting because they contain the richest flora & fauna of the alpine habitat in all of Ethiopia. The park occupies a surface area of 2,470km2 and includes altitudes from 1,500 up to 4,400masl.This provides a unique diversity of landscape, vegetation and fauna. The park is divided by the Harenna cliff, which runs through it like a fracture from east to west, creating three clearly differentiated areas within the reserve. The northern part is known as Geyessey, named after a small river that crosses it & flows in to the WEYB River near the settlement of Dinsho. The central part, just above the cliff, is the sennete plateau which rises to more than 4,000masl. The southern part, below the cliff, is a densely forested area known as the Harenna forest.From th ere, the land continues to drop until it reaches the lowlands. In the northern part, geysey area, and around Dinsho, a large variety of animals can be seen. The vegetation consists of grassy ground, riverside plains, trees and bushes. In the hills, between 2,500 and 3,300m, there are meadows and plentiful hygenia abyssinica and juniperous procera trees. Geraniums, lobelias and Allchemilas species create colourful carpets interrupted by thickets of Artemisia afra, kniphofia foliosa flowers and the wild roses of the Rose abyssinica.This part of the park is the best place to see the endemic mountain Nyala, which is a large antelope the size of a Kudu. In the area surrounding Dinsho, one can find the endemic Menelik’s bushbuck. The bushbuck prefers plains and mountains up to 4,000m and feeds mainly on leaves, shoots and fruit. It is a natural swimmer. As it is a solitary creature, Menelik’s bushbuck is rarely found in pairs, except for couples in the mating season or a fem ale with her offspring. In the second part of the park, the senate plateau, just above the harenna cliff at a height of 4,000m.It was formed by ancient volcanic rocks. It can be reached by the road connecting Goba to Dolomena, which crosses the eastern part of the park. This road has views of some of the most wonderful natural scenery in the world. Rivers and streams cut gorges across the plateau, form waterfalls in some places and craggy crests rise above the plateau. The most outstanding peak is the second tallest in Ethiopia, TULLU DIMTU (The red mountain) at 4,477meter. Mount Batu, at 4,300m, is also impressive. The shallow depressions of the plateau fill up with water during the rainy season, forming small lakes.A few large lakes contain water year round, including Garba Buracha (Black Water) and Hora Bachay, which create unique places to observe migratory birds from Europe, that are avoiding the western winter. The plateau of volcanic rock is covered with emerald green moorlan d and a host of lichens. The area’s afroalpine vegetation is displayed in the numerous giant Lobelias and the everlastings represented by different species, among them H. splendidum with its yellow flowers and the thorny H. citrispinum. This area is the best place to see the endemic and rare Ethiopian wolf.This mammal can only be found in the high altitude prairies of the Bale and Simien massifs. Its reddish coat is similar to the European Red Fox, but its shape is between a wolf and a jackal. It has long legs, a sharp snout, and a very thick black and white tail. The male and female are identical. Its preferred prey is the endemic giant molerat, a large, brown, round-bodied rodent. The last part of the park is located to the south, where the land gradually falls away and a belt of heath land gives away to a densely wooded forest, known as the HARENNA FOREST.Depending the altitude, different species of trees appear in the forests, from Podocarpus, Hagenias, Juniperous, Scheff lera and Bamboos, all with bark decorated by the lichens and mosses. In the forest, it is difficult to spot animals but several types of pig have been seen, such as Warthogs, Bushh pigs and Giant Forest hogs. In the Harenna forest, Black & White colobus monkeys jump from tree to tree. Anubis baboons are most common, found in Adeley, Geysey and Harenna forests. Groups of them have been seen at altitudes above 3,700meters.Vervet monkeys live at an altitude below 3,000meter. More than 200 bird species have been counted, of which at least 15 are endemic. Among the rocky highlands of Bale, the spectacular lammergeyer, one can often find the thick-billed raven feasting on the lammergeyer’s leftovers. It is also possible to spot different birds of prey such as Falcons, Eagles, kites, Vultures and Ravens. The best season to visit the park is the dry season, from November to January when there are abundant clear days. The temperature can reach up to 300C during the morning and drop to -70C at night.

Learn More About the Italian Verb Conjugations for Spiegare