Social responsibility

Social responsibleness2.Social responsibilities of an organisationSocial responsibility is an ethical or ideological supposition that an entity whether it is a goernment, corporation, brass or individual has a responsibility to society. This responsibility can be negative, in that it is a responsibility to refrain from acting (resistance stance) or it can be positive, meaning there is a responsibility to act (proactive stance). While primarily associated with business and g everyplacenmental practices, activist groups and local communities can alike be associated with social responsibility, not only business or governmental entities. (Wikipedia, 2008)Business is expected to create wealth and employment, while society is expected to allow for a favourable environment for the business to flourish. The value and ethical receiveds that a fellowship adopts be the long-term as classs of the organization. There are a number of tasks that a business has to fulfil to the society. The se accept the financial task, political task, environment task, adaptive task, frugal task, and social tasks. Financial tasks accommodate laying down policies and guidelines for the proper public presentation of the financial systems.The environmental tasks include the responsibility of an organization towards the environment. With the perceptions of the consumers changing towards products that are harmful to the environment, companies bewilder to show their concern for the environment by producing environmentally brotherly products. The maintenance tasks include the battle of organizations with non-profit organizations in providing dish to the society.Social task include providing equal opportunity for all the members of the society by organizations and taking into amity the basic human rights of an employee. The way an organization responds to its responsibility to the society has been discussed with special reference to the enlightenment matrix. Further the social chall enges of an organization chip in been discussed with community involvement choice flow. It is a process that guides an organization in fulfilling its role to the society. (ICMR Case studies, 2007)The 10 Best Corporate Citizens for the year 2007 in Sri Lanka were (in alphabetical order) Aitken Spence AMW Cargills CTC Holcim JKH Nestle Lanka Sampath coast HSBC Unilever The awards honour the corporate community for their efforts in promoting Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and evaluate its applicants on five categories away front selecting the Best Corporate Citizen. Leading up to the grand award, best practices in Community Relations, Employee relations, Customer relations, Economic Performance, and Environment will be rewarded with awards to the top three Corporate Citizens. Awards will too be given to the winners of each stakeholder category and to the Top Ten Best Corporate Citizens. (Sunday Times, 2008)2.1 Code of conductA statement and description of required beh aviours, responsibilities, and actions expected of employees of an organization or of members of a professional body. A code of conduct usually focuses on ethical and socially responsible issues and applies to individuals, providing guidance on how to act in cases of doubt or confusion. In simple its a set of rules to guide behaviour and decisions. (B-Net Business Dictionary, 2008) 2.2 Stakeholders and Business responsibilities towards themA comp whatever has responsibilities to a wide escape of filled parties, people who have a stake in what the company does. A companys stakeholders so defined include not only its customers, owners, workforce, suppliers and their families, but in addition those living near its sites, as well as special interest groups, and of course society as a whole, including society in its role as steward of the environment. (Times Newspapers Ltd and MBA Publishing Ltd, 2008)In terms of understanding the objectives of a business or other organisation, there are two traditional views. 1. The Shareholder archetype In the theory of accounting and finance, it is assumed that the objective of the business is to maximise the value of a company. Put simply, this style that the managers of a business should create as much wealth as possible for the shareholders. Given this objective, any financing or investment decision that is expected to improve the value of the shareholders stake in the business is acceptable. In utterly, the objective for managers running a business should be profit maximisation, both in the short and long-term.2. The Stakeholder Concept In recent years, a wider variety of goals have been suggested for a business. These include the traditional objective of profit maximisation (in other words the shareholder concept has not been abandoned). However, they also include goals relating to earnings per share, total sales, numbers employed, measures of employee welfare, manager contentment, environmental protection and many others.A major reason for increasing adoption of a Stakeholder Concept in position business objectives is the recognition that businesses are affected by the environment in which they operate. Businesses come into regular contact with customers, suppliers, government agencies, families of employees, special interest groups. (Tutor2u, 2007) thus stake holders can be categorized as internal and external. Internal stakeholders Shareholders Employees Management External stakeholdersConsumers Suppliers Creditors Competitors CommunityShareholders are important to the business, because they have a first stake in the business. Organizations responsibilities towards the stakeholders are to provide professional management, fair returns on their investment, disclose relevant reading, protect shareholders assets etc. The organizations responsibility towards employees are improving working conditions, maintaining open and adept communications, welcoming suggestions/complaints, providing equal opportunity etc. Management converges a key role in balancing the multiple claims of stakeholders.Therefore the responsibility of management involves maintaining healthy relationships among the stakeholders. The organizations responsibilities towards consumers include offering quality goods, providing prompt services, treating customers fairly etc. Good relations with suppliers will determine the profitability of the company. The company mustiness treat its suppliers with respect. Suppliers /creditors must be paid promptly. Companies must also follow ethical competitive practices. Finally, the responsibilities of the organization are, respecting human rights, improving workplace safety and economic well being etc. (ICMR Case studies, 2007) 2.3 Investors rightsAs a shareholder in a company, you can enjoy certain rights To stick the share certificates, on allotment or transfer as the case may be, in due time. To receive copies of the abridged Annual Report, the Balance Shee t and the PL A/c and the Auditors Report. To participate and vote in the general meeting, either in person or in proxy. To receive dividends in due time once approve in General Meetings. To receive corporate benefits such as rights, bonus, etc. once approved. To apply to the Company Law Board (CLB) to call or propose the Annual General Meeting. To inspect the minute books of the General Meetings and to receive copies thereof. To proceed against the company by way of civil or criminal proceedings. To apply for the companys move-up. To receive the residual proceeds. Group rights Besides these rights you enjoy as an individual shareholder, you also enjoy the following rights as a group To requisition an extra-ordinary general meeting. To take up a poll on any resolution. To apply to CLB to investigate the companys affairs. To apply to CLB for relief in cases of oppression and/or mismanagement. Debenture holder As a debenture-holder, you have the right to Receive intere st/redemption in due time. Receive a copy of the trust deed on request. Apply for the companys winding up if it fails to pay its debt. Approach the Debenture trustee with your grievance. The above mentioned rights may not necessarily be absolute. For instance, the right to transfer securities is subject to the companys right to deflect transfer according to the statutory provisos. Your responsibilities While you may be happy to learn of your rights as a stakeholder in the company that should not lead you to satisfaction because you have also certain responsibilities To remain informed. To be vigilant. To participate and vote in general meetings. To exercise your rights on your own or as a group. (The Hindu Business Line, 2001)2.4 Ethical and Moral dilemmas face by businesses 1 of the defining features of an ethical betrothal is that it involves being pulled between two or to a greater extent objectives, values, or i locoweeds which often draw strong emotional reactions. T he competing objectives or values may both be ethical in nature, as in the conflict between loyalty to a friend and duty to tale that friends unlawful behaviour. Alternately, one of the competing values may be ethical (e.g., the desire to help a person in lease or in danger) while the other is pragmatic (e.g., financial prudence or self-protection). In either situation, a object lesson or ethical conflict much than other conflicts often has a strong emotional component. One of the challenges decision makers face in such situations is the need to integrate their emotional reactions to antithetical choice options with their cognitive evaluations of the possible or expected outcomes of these options. Following this definition of an ethical decision, ethical or moral decisions do not simply constitute a specific content domain of decisions that parallels and complements other content domains such as financial decision making or recreational decision making(Weber, Blais, Betz, 2002 ). Instead, ethical decisions can occur in any substantive content domain putting it differently, many decisions across content domains include ethical aspects or considerations. The factors that contribute to whether a specific decision is being construed as an ethical issue or a health or financial issue are themselves an important topic of experiential investigation that have implications for the ethical training and knowledge. Morality can be defined as a system of judging acts in light of an ideal or a code of conduct. Moral judgments involve judgments about what somebody (either the decision maker or another person) should do in a certain situation. Haidt (2001) defines moral judgments as judgments about the actions or character of other people, using as a standard of comparison the moral prescriptions and ideals of ones culture or subculture, which are frequently formalized in written or unwritten codes of conduct. Most scholars agree that moral or ethical decisions need to be intentional and in response to a sense of obligation that is shaped by an ideal. (Blasi, 1987)Mainly there are quad types of psychological processes when behaving morally. interpret the situation in terms of the actions possible, and the effects of these actions on the self and others judge which course of action is morally right give precedence to what is morally right over other considerations demonstrate the strength and skills to follow through on the intention to behave morally. (L.K Trevino, 1992)Here is a good exemplar explaining above facts.A woman called Shani works for a company that treats people simply as a means for making profits. Customers are appreciated and occupied solely for the purpose of adding to the bottom line. She has found it difficult to find other employment, and has a family to provide for one of her highest values. One day Shani is pressured by her boss to enlarge her performance (get more than customers using any means possible) or she wil l be terminated. The conflicting values for her are Providing for her family Providing an honest days work for an honest days pay Valuing people over profits. At this point she is clearly faced with a moral dilemma. The dilemma was not quickly or comfortably resolved, but here is what Shani did She made a decision to never violate her second and third values. In her mind people always come before profits. She also wants to be known as a good employee with a strong work ethic who works hard and gets the job done. She made a conscious decision to do her best in fulfilling her bosses instructions (i.e. get more customers) without violating her value of people over profits. Her production improved as she worked harder and she k mark-new she was contribute to the organization in ethical ways. She also stepped up her job chitchatk. That day she came to the realization that the companys values and hers did not mesh. She knew that she would have to change venues in order for her to b e able to feel comfortable in her work while providing for her family. Today she does a similar job for a different company, and loves it. In her job search she made sure she asked important questions about how the companys values would fit with her own. In her new company she is able to be productive, value the customer over company profits, and provide for her family.2.5 Organisations encourage ethical behaviour As an airline company directors and employees in Jet Airways should attempt to promote ethical behaviour and to encourage employees to report evidence of illegal or unethical behaviour to appropriate Company personnel. It is the policy of the Company to not allow retaliation against any employee who makes a good faith report about a possible violation of this Code.Suspected violations of this Code may be reported to the chair of the Board or the Chairman of the Audit Committee. All reported violations will be appropriately investigated. When in doubt of the best course of action in a particular situation, employees are encouraged to talk promptly to their supervisor, managers or the Head of Human Resources. Employees are expected to fully cooperate in internal investigations of misconduct. (Jet Airways Sri Lanka, 2006)Patients, consumers, doctors and governments want to use medicines from companies that they trust. Therefore, moral philosophy policies require all GSK employees to meet the highest standards of ethical and legal compliance in their work. Company has led efforts to create the first marketing code for the Sri Lanka Chamber of the pharmaceutic Industry based on the IFPMA Code. These are some of the policies they conduct to encourage ethical behaviour GSKs 12,000 managers completed self-certification confirming that they comply with our Code of Conduct. All new sales and marketing staff in the US completed ethics training and over 9,000 existing staff received two hours of annual refresher course training. Employees are encouraged to se ek help and to report any concerns or suspected cases of misconduct. They can do this through their line management, our network of compliance officers, or through our confidential Integrity Help lines. (GlaxoSmithKline, 2007) 2.6 Rights and responsibilities of employers and employeesEmployers and employees have responsibilities to each other where they should also expect their rights to be upheld. These rights and responsibilities relate to areas such as Health and Safety, the provision of Terms and Conditions of Employment, Equal Opportunities and the right to be paid a Minimum occupy. The Health and Safety at Work Acts set out responsibilities and rights for both employees and employers. Employees are expected to carry out their work in a way that has regard to the safety of others. Employers are expected to abide by a operate of requirements governing such aspects as providing safe machinery and equipment, carrying out regular health and safety checks, ensuring the training of employees in health and safety issues, and carrying out a risk of infection assessment to assess the dangers of particular work activities. There are also specific regulations about the way in which potentially harmful substances should be apply and stored. There are a number of requirements about the minimum temperature at work, and other aspects of working conditions.Employees are expected to receive the terms and conditions of their work setting out when their work commences, what their main duties are, who they are accountable to, rates of pay, and other entitlements.Equal Opportunities legislation sets out that all employees should receive the same pay and conditions for carrying out the same or broadly similar work. There are also laws against sexual, racial and disability discrimination. The Minimum Wage Act sets out the Minimum Wage that workers can expect to receive which today is more than a 5 an hour. The Minimum Wage is regularly reviewed and will increase over time. There is also European Union requirements governing the maximum number of hours that workers will be expected to work in a typical week which is currently set at 48 hours.Employers and employees are expected to meet minimum legal requirements for such areas as Health and Safety at Work, and minimum standards and conditions related to hours, and the interposition of people in the workplace. Along with rights for employees there are corresponding responsibilities such as the expectation to work in a safe way and to have regard for the safety of work colleagues. (Times Newspapers Ltd and MBA Publishing Ltd, 2008) 2.7 Ethical issues caused by data technologyEthics and the Information Revolution, De George (2003) describes his approach to the ethical questions he will discuss. He locates the issues within a common and universal framework of ethical norms. Murder, stealing and other such acts are generally inconsistent with societal norms across societies disdain their cultural differ ences. Within a society, norms exist for many practices that bear certain similarities to new and emerging practices made possible by information technologies. This suggests a trip the light fantastic method. First, when evaluating a new practices such as monitoring e-mail, one can use analogical reasoning from similar practices and norms for example, opening and reading private correspondence.He applies his method of analysis to the general system of IT taken as the basis for the information society. Here he argues that core values of an information-centric society are truthfulness, accuracy, information share, and trust. While important in other types of society (agricultural, industrial), these values take on greater role in an information economy, in contrast to punctuality, for example, which is hypercritical in an assembly-line industrial economy.Ruth Rikowski (2006) pointed out that computers are changing the face of the work scene. For some people, their jobs are becoming redundant or they have to play quite different roles, and others are excruciation increasing levels of stress from work pressures. Others are, obviously, reaping the benefits of having more rewarding jobs, and there is certainly more emphasis on knowledge, information and I.T. skills than ever before. However, this all clearly poses various ethical issues. Should those that lose their jobs be compensated? How can the pressure be eased on those that are suffering stress? Is it acceptable for computer programmers to be made redundant on the spot etc? There are many ethical issues that need to be address here.Clearly writing and spreading virus programs are unethical acts. They have very serious consequences, and cause systems to crash and organisations to cease operating for certain distributor points. One of the most concerning consequences of such actions is when viruses interrupt the smooth functioning of an organisation such as a hospital, which could in extreme cases even caus e people to die. logical system bombs are also sometimes planted. There is obviously a lot of anti-virus software on the market now though that helps to deal with this ever-growing problem.Many different computer crimes are committed, which clearly poses ethical questions for society. Various illegal acts are performed on computers, such as fraud and embezzlement. This includes, for example, using imaging and desktop print to create, copy or alter decreed documents and graphic images. There are also various ethical dilemmas, such as whether copying such files is as bad as stealing something.So, this conflict might mean that companies do not, in reality, give enough consideration to the ethical issues in I.T., as the cod to create new products and upgrade products, thereby raising the profit margin, takes precedence over moral considerations. Some of the ethical issues in I.T. are being tackled more effectively though (although there is obviously always room for improvement). Grea t efforts are being made in regard to finding ways to deal with viruses, for example, and more and more attention is now being given to ergonomic and health issues.3. Industrial relations 3.1 Trade unions The field of industrial relations (also called turn over relations) looks at the relationship between management and workers, particularly groups of workers represented by a union. Sri Lanka has approximately 1000 Trade Unions. Out of these about 20 have more than 100,000 members. Out of these 1000 Trade Unions, 750 are in Government Departments where bray laws do not apply. These workers come under the establishment code. Only 30 per cent of the dry lands workforce is organized in Trade Unions. Here are some trade unions in Sri Lanka. All Ceylon United Motor Workers Union Ceylon federation of Labour Ceylon Mercantile Union GCSU Sri Lanka United Corporations and Mercantile Union (Wikipedia, 2008) 3.2 Enterprise bargainingEnterprise bargaining is an about introducing change in t he workplace with everyone sharing the benefits. It is an opportunity for an employer and his/her employees, either directly or through their union representatives, to undertake cooperative negotiations. Enterprise bargaining is a way to discuss how work is performed, conditions and productivity improvements that will benefit both employer and employees. This can foster a culture of change in the workplace which can be a valuable quill in the process of continuous improvement. It can assist in the creation of vital, responsive and flexible enterprises and improve productivity and efficiency. 3.3 Industrial disputesIndustrial dispute means any dispute or difference between anemployer and a workman or between employers and workmen orbetween workmen and workmen connected with the employment ornonemployment,orthetermsofemployment,orwiththeconditionsoflabour, or the termination of the services, or the reinstatement inservice, of any person, and for the purposes of this definitionworkm enincludesatradeunionconsistingofworkmen. (BOI, 2008)The Industrial Disputes Act (IDA) provides for the prevention, investigation and settlement of industrial disputes and for connected/incidental matters. The IDA also specifies the methods by which the Commissioner of Labour is empowered to help settle an industrial dispute. These methods are as follows. with reference to a Collective Agreement where such an agreement is in force between employers and workmen Through conciliation at assembly either by the Commissioner himself or an authorized officer (usually attached to the Industrial Relations Branch in the Department of Labour) Through voluntary arbitration.Where the parties to the dispute do not consent to reference of the dispute to an arbitrator, the Minister is empowered to refer the dispute for settlement by arbitration to an arbitrator or to a labour tribunal. The Minister can also refer any industrial dispute to an Industrial Court for settlement.The ideal process would be for a time baffle to be fixed between the making of a complaint to the Labour Department and a reference to arbitration, tying up the processes of arbitration and conciliation so that the whole dispute could be settled within a reasonable length of time instead of the parties having to wait for years in order to see an end to the dispute. It may also be worth looking at the possibility of establishing an Appeal Court to go into positions of dissatisfied parties within a short period of the arbitrators award so that settlement could be reached speedily. (Globalization and Industrial Relations in Sri Lanka, 2000) 3.4 Awards systemsSri Lanka Institute of Marketing ( shrink) carries out two major award systems in Sri Lanka. Peoples Awards This includes people from all walks of life advocating their favourite personality, brand, company, advertisement, film, teledrama, song etc. Men and women throughout the island, excluding the North and the East, take part enthusiastically. To en sure that the results represent the diverse creation of Sri Lanka, the interviews are carried out in all the provinces excluding North and East. SLIM Nielsen Peoples Awards is based on a sample survey conducted by The Nielsen Company encompassing a sample of 5,050, equally split between males and females, and between the ages of 16-65 years living in both urban and rural areas. The survey will go on for a period of 5 consecutive months with a random sample of 1,010 per month conducted through face to face interviews at an all island level (excluding join and East). The Nielsen Company assures quality and clarity of answers given by the respondents. To ensure accurate feedback, its stringent quality control measures adhere to the WatchBuilder standards, a process, globally unique to the Nielsen Company. carry ExcellenceThe SLIM rat Excellence Awards is a celebration of brand excellence at national level and rewards the outstanding efforts of outstanding marketers. Through this ev ent, SLIM endeavours to not only encourage best practices in branding, but also to raise local brands to global standards, to enhance the image of marketing in the country and that of SLIM in the region. This event translates as industry recognition of the motivation, dedication and hard work that great marketers have demonstrated in making brand champions. Each year panel of judges evaluates the contenders for each category of award, looking for those elusive qualities which elevate a brand above the sea of nondescript products. For the Brand Excellence Awards to be truly successful there must be industry-wide, representative participation which will ensure healthy competition. (SLIM, 2008)4. Sri Lanka and international business 4.1 Trends in Sri Lankan tradeSri Lankas exports grew 14.7 shareage helped by strong prices for tea, while apparel exports grew by a slow 5.3 percentage where the trade deficit expanded 92 percent on higher oil colour and capital goods imports. The Cent ral Bank said April export earnings increase 14.7 percent to 610 one thousand million US dollars with agricultural and industrial exports contributing 59 percent and 37 percent. According to official data, agriculture exports grew 46.5 percent in April 2008 compared with a year ago on the back of change magnitude export prices of tea. The average export price of tea was quartette US dollars a kilogram, the highest recorded up to then. Industrial exports grew by 6.9 percent supported by increased exports of garments, food, beverages, tobacco, rubber products, petroleum products and ceramics, official data showed. Cumulative exports during January to April 2008 grew 11.3 percent to 2,488 million US dollars.Expenditure on imports in April increased 37 percent to 1,269 million US dollars. The Central Bank said import expenses on consumer goods such as food expanded significantly in April 2008 owing to increased expenditure on rice and sugar. write expenditure on intermediate goods wh ich increased 38 percent from a year ago contributed 64 percent to the increase in import expenditure in April 2008. The Central Bank said import expenditure increased owing to high crude oil and fertilizer prices. Imports of investment goods such as transport equipment, machinery and building materials have also recorded a growth of 33.5 percent.The cumulative expenditure of imports during the first four months of 2008 amounted to US dollars 4,533 million, an increase of 37.4 percent from a year ago.The Central Bank said higher oil and capital goods imports have widened the trade balance from 394 million US dollars in April 2007 to 659 million US dollars in April 2008. The overall balance of payments recorded a surplus of 320 million US dollars from January to April 2008 increasing the gross official reserves to 3,383.8 million US dollars by endApril2008, which is sufficient to finance around 3.3 months of imports. (LBO, June 16,2008) 4.2 Trading partnersMajor trading partners Expo rt (% of total, customs basis) US 28.2%, UK 11.5%, India 9.0%, Germany 4.1%.Export Commodities Textiles garments, tea, diamonds jewellery, petroleum. Import (% of total, customs basis) India 18.5%, China 10.5%, Singapore 8.7%, Hong Kong 4.2%.Import Commodities Mineral products, textiles, machinery transport equipment, base metals. United Kingdom Trade and Investment with the UKUK imports from Sri Lanka have consistently exceeded UK exports to Sri Lanka. Exports have declined during the period 2001 to 2004 from 142.4 million to 138.8 million and imports have steadily increased from 400.8 million to 466.9 million during the period 2001 to 2004. The UKs net investment in Sri Lanka has averaged some 50 million per annum over the last 20 years. The UK is the largest European investor in Sri Lanka and second overall in terms of projects. Further progress in the peace process would lead to more opportunities for British companies in Sri Lanka. Cultural Relations with the UKThe British C ouncil has English Teaching Centres in Colombo (one of the fastest growing in the network with well over 3000 students) and Kandy, and is involved in English language projects throughout the island. It also runs busy libraries at the teaching centres, and maintains a lively arts programme. The Council runs an education information service that offers detailed information on all aspects of the British education system, and administers exams in Colombo and Kandy. In Sri Lanka the Council also works closely with the Ministry of Education on its education reform agenda, particularly at Primary level. (www.iptu.co.uk) USAThe Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA), signed by the USA and Sri Lanka on 25th July 2002 in Washington DC, provides an ideal platform for the two Governments to maintain a closer dialogue on a number of areas / fields that are of mutual interest to them. On the Sri Lankan side (a